Hind III recognizes a sequence of six nucleotides (AAGCTT) as a cut site. What are the odds that this sequence will occur in a random chain of DNA?
This question is part of a lab in my A.P. Biology class. The title of the lab is called "Lab 6B: DNA Fingerprinting." Any help is quite appreciated!What are the odds that this sequence will occur in a random chain of DNA?
There are only 4096 different sequences of 6 nucleotides possible (4*4*4*4*4*4).
Further, TTCGAA is the same as AAGCTT read in reverse, so this changes the odds to 1 in 2048.What are the odds that this sequence will occur in a random chain of DNA?
How long is the random chain of DNA?
(P.S. I was going to give the same answer as Vincent G. The odds of any chain of 6 nucleotides being AAGCTT is 2 out of 4096 (since the direction doesn't matter) ... or 1 in 2048 nucleotides.
So if the chain is 2048 nucleotides long, the chances are pretty certain.
Saturday, March 10, 2012
What is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?
I see many websites offering test kits online,but What is one that is very specific as in it can like come close to pinpointing the exact country where my ancestors are from? Like say one that would come back with a test showing i dont know the % of my DNA that matches populations in Poland?
Any recomendations would be great
Thank YouWhat is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/geno鈥?/a>
Here you go. I don't know if DNA is going to narrow it down so specifically for you, though.
Yes, in DNA Solutions you can get an answer to your dilemma.
http://www.dnanow.com/ancestry.htm
They make DNA Tests for search your ancestors and other related procedures. Check their website...
The Y dna is passed solely from father to son.
The mitochondrial is passed from the mother to both son and daughter but only the daughter passes it on to their children.
Most of our DNA is autosomal. We get it 50-50 from both parents. It is the only DNA that relates a female to her father or a male to his maternal grandfather. Right now, autosomal isn't being used. In about a year SMGF is going to use it for Genealogy.
Just put SMGF in your search engine.
what you want does not exist yet.
yeah, i know they are advertising it on TV, and their are artiles. But the state of the science is such that, at this time, they can RELIABLY say you had relatives in NOrthern Europe ( and 12 other places.)
If they say they can PROVE you have relatives from Poland, they are telling you what you want to hear.
give the science another 5 to 10 years before you spend your money.What is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?
The problem isn't the DNA test. Any properly performed DNA test will in fact accurately (to the current limits of science) determine your DNA structure for the features being tested for (some do 8 point test, some 11, some 22, others (MUCH more expensive) even more).
The problem is the application of the DNA analysis to some other situation....where you came from for example. The resulting determination is only as good as the data on which it is based. And that data is evolving on a constant basis. If you look at the fine print, you will see an awful lot of disclaimers. "Anthropologists believe that", "Within the last 0 to 14 generations", etc.
If this suits your purpose, that's great. Just be aware of the limitations. Usually DNA testing is primarily used in CONJUNCTION with other information. Not standalone.
Just like genealogy, anthropology (and historical genetics which is pretty much the same thing) relies on best guesses at the time. A certain "mutation" is known to be predominant in a certain part of the world - thus, and for good reason, it is assumed that's where the mutation originated and thus anyone carrying that mutation (note mutation doesn't mean bad, just means different) must come from that region. Trouble is, historically it also shows up with less prevalence in other regions. Well, there are (AT LEAST) two ways to explain this -- The favorite is that the predominant original group MIGRATED to this region. Quite possible. But one other possibility is that the mutation occurred in this population, maybe at a much later time, just as it did in the original. There is no way to tell which is correct.
Now what can happen is that ADDITIONAL information can become known (archeological evidence for example) that also indicates a migration - bingo - now the belief that the original group migrated has more confidence. BUT, suppose archeological evidence showed that this group of people were there BEFORE the original group even existed! Well, the couldn't have migrated because they didn't exist yet. So is this a second mutation occurrence? OR now maybe this is the original source of the mutation and THIS group migrated to the other spot. It is dynamic, just as genealogy, history, archeology, anthropology is dynamic. Changing all the time based on new information, finer studies, etc.
But if you have the money and you understand what the results mean - and this fits your needs and purpose, they are all pretty much the same. Go for it.
Keep in mind that unless someone on the other end is also submitting their DNA, there isn't anything to compare it to!
Any recomendations would be great
Thank YouWhat is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/geno鈥?/a>
Here you go. I don't know if DNA is going to narrow it down so specifically for you, though.
Yes, in DNA Solutions you can get an answer to your dilemma.
http://www.dnanow.com/ancestry.htm
They make DNA Tests for search your ancestors and other related procedures. Check their website...
Report Abuse
What is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?The Y dna is passed solely from father to son.
The mitochondrial is passed from the mother to both son and daughter but only the daughter passes it on to their children.
Most of our DNA is autosomal. We get it 50-50 from both parents. It is the only DNA that relates a female to her father or a male to his maternal grandfather. Right now, autosomal isn't being used. In about a year SMGF is going to use it for Genealogy.
Just put SMGF in your search engine.
what you want does not exist yet.
yeah, i know they are advertising it on TV, and their are artiles. But the state of the science is such that, at this time, they can RELIABLY say you had relatives in NOrthern Europe ( and 12 other places.)
If they say they can PROVE you have relatives from Poland, they are telling you what you want to hear.
give the science another 5 to 10 years before you spend your money.What is a good DNA test to help determine my full ancestry?
The problem isn't the DNA test. Any properly performed DNA test will in fact accurately (to the current limits of science) determine your DNA structure for the features being tested for (some do 8 point test, some 11, some 22, others (MUCH more expensive) even more).
The problem is the application of the DNA analysis to some other situation....where you came from for example. The resulting determination is only as good as the data on which it is based. And that data is evolving on a constant basis. If you look at the fine print, you will see an awful lot of disclaimers. "Anthropologists believe that", "Within the last 0 to 14 generations", etc.
If this suits your purpose, that's great. Just be aware of the limitations. Usually DNA testing is primarily used in CONJUNCTION with other information. Not standalone.
Just like genealogy, anthropology (and historical genetics which is pretty much the same thing) relies on best guesses at the time. A certain "mutation" is known to be predominant in a certain part of the world - thus, and for good reason, it is assumed that's where the mutation originated and thus anyone carrying that mutation (note mutation doesn't mean bad, just means different) must come from that region. Trouble is, historically it also shows up with less prevalence in other regions. Well, there are (AT LEAST) two ways to explain this -- The favorite is that the predominant original group MIGRATED to this region. Quite possible. But one other possibility is that the mutation occurred in this population, maybe at a much later time, just as it did in the original. There is no way to tell which is correct.
Now what can happen is that ADDITIONAL information can become known (archeological evidence for example) that also indicates a migration - bingo - now the belief that the original group migrated has more confidence. BUT, suppose archeological evidence showed that this group of people were there BEFORE the original group even existed! Well, the couldn't have migrated because they didn't exist yet. So is this a second mutation occurrence? OR now maybe this is the original source of the mutation and THIS group migrated to the other spot. It is dynamic, just as genealogy, history, archeology, anthropology is dynamic. Changing all the time based on new information, finer studies, etc.
But if you have the money and you understand what the results mean - and this fits your needs and purpose, they are all pretty much the same. Go for it.
Keep in mind that unless someone on the other end is also submitting their DNA, there isn't anything to compare it to!
What is the affect of caffeine on cheek cells in DNA extraction?
Why should you not consume caffeine before DNA extraction exercise, and what are the affects.What is the affect of caffeine on cheek cells in DNA extraction?
Theoretically speaking, caffeine can bind DNA.
Bur before it reaches nucleus and is able to bind to DNA, it has to cross so many barriers.
Theoretically speaking, caffeine can bind DNA.
Bur before it reaches nucleus and is able to bind to DNA, it has to cross so many barriers.
What part of DNA or genes is altered to cause Diabetes?
I have a science project and need to know what part of a person's genes or DNA is altered for Diabetes to occur.What part of DNA or genes is altered to cause Diabetes?
The part that is responsible for the creation of the hormone "Insulin".. In a type 2 diabetic, the insulin that is produced is slowed or the insulin itself is deformed to the point your body cannot utilize it properly. Insulin is used by the body to "unlock" the cell membrane so the glucose can enter into the cell to be used for energy. If the insulin is not there or is deformed, the glucose cannot get into the cells and, thus, builds up in the bloodstream..... To much glucose in the bloodstream is known as diabetes..
Type one is a different story.... it usually starts at a young age and is where the pancreas either produces very little or no insulin at all. Insulin injections are required for type 1 diabetics. The cause of the shut down of the pancreas is still a mystery, but many researchers believe it is due to the immune system attacking it...
Hope this helps you out !!!
The part that is responsible for the creation of the hormone "Insulin".. In a type 2 diabetic, the insulin that is produced is slowed or the insulin itself is deformed to the point your body cannot utilize it properly. Insulin is used by the body to "unlock" the cell membrane so the glucose can enter into the cell to be used for energy. If the insulin is not there or is deformed, the glucose cannot get into the cells and, thus, builds up in the bloodstream..... To much glucose in the bloodstream is known as diabetes..
Type one is a different story.... it usually starts at a young age and is where the pancreas either produces very little or no insulin at all. Insulin injections are required for type 1 diabetics. The cause of the shut down of the pancreas is still a mystery, but many researchers believe it is due to the immune system attacking it...
Hope this helps you out !!!
What does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
I've heard it said that there are no known cases in which DNA evidence cleared someone of murder after the person was executed for the murder. I don't know whether it's true, but if it is, could the reason be that there's some sort of law against it for some reason? Spending money on a posthumous investigation won't bring the wrongly executed person back to life, and the prosecutor would rather not be humiliated.What does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
First of all there have been cases. Can't quote them for you, but I know they exist.
Second on DNA while the subject is out there...
DNA is ONLY exclusionary. In other words it can ONLY exclude people form a possible group, NOT include people.
It is incredibly scary to consider how brainwashed people have become about DNA evidence.
Consider that in the OJ Simpson case the odds of having another person in LA that would have also matched the DNA sequence meant about 25 people in LA could have left the DNA.
It was about 580 times more likely someone other than OJ Simpson left the sample than you winning the next lotto drawing with one ticket.
Chew on that, and pray you never get yanked on something that happens to match your DNA.
i think that the only reason they do it is because they are too lazy to do it while they're alive. n they know they cant bring the person back. all i know is that the government isnt doin their job rightWhat does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
Many murder trials that were conducted before the use of DNA evidence can be re-examined in more detail by introducing DNA evidence. No, it won't bring the person back, but I think it's important to get an idea of how accurate our criminal justice system is if we are employing capital punishment.
Executing someone through capital punishment in a wrongful conviction is entirely inexcusable.
the defense can pay for it too you know. There is a foundation that works oon this sort of stuff, can't recall the name, but one of the attorneys is Barry Scheck (of OJ fame). google it.
I believe there have been some cases where the execution was already scheduled and imminent before a judge got cold feet due to new or pending DNA cases. California and Illinois come to mind.
Many states have put executions on hold in large part for this issue.What does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
Genetic testing exonerated Florida inmate Frank Lee Smith several months after he died of natural causes while awaiting execution.
In 2000, tests ordered by a Georgia judge on evidence in the case of Ellis Wayne Felker, who was executed in 1996, were "inconclusive."
There is no law against it, but it must be ordered. And, as you note, there is a strong push-back against it.
well, consider the obvious.. if the wrong person was executed, the real criminal is possibly still out there, murdering someone else.
So, I think it would be valid (to a point). However, it won't happen for logistical reasons.
I think that all the people involved in those executions should go to jail. Especially, those involved in the judgement system
from the state of Texas: all of them are a bunch of criminals from the first one to the last one.
The law says the question is moot.
HOWEVER, if the govt wont do it, you can civilly go through the process of DNA testing, and if lucky possibly have the executed person declared not guilty.
Having the person declared not executed is beyond the scope of the law however.
Many in the legal system think its great to file charges and get convictions. Down in south florida they used to do it all the time until Ken Jenne, the Sheriff of Broward County, got arrested and convicted and thrown out of office.
THAT conviction WAS legit !!!
We can only hope the executed person committed some murder no one knew about so he got the right punishment even if it wasn't the right case....traffic school vegan diet
First of all there have been cases. Can't quote them for you, but I know they exist.
Second on DNA while the subject is out there...
DNA is ONLY exclusionary. In other words it can ONLY exclude people form a possible group, NOT include people.
It is incredibly scary to consider how brainwashed people have become about DNA evidence.
Consider that in the OJ Simpson case the odds of having another person in LA that would have also matched the DNA sequence meant about 25 people in LA could have left the DNA.
It was about 580 times more likely someone other than OJ Simpson left the sample than you winning the next lotto drawing with one ticket.
Chew on that, and pray you never get yanked on something that happens to match your DNA.
i think that the only reason they do it is because they are too lazy to do it while they're alive. n they know they cant bring the person back. all i know is that the government isnt doin their job rightWhat does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
Many murder trials that were conducted before the use of DNA evidence can be re-examined in more detail by introducing DNA evidence. No, it won't bring the person back, but I think it's important to get an idea of how accurate our criminal justice system is if we are employing capital punishment.
Executing someone through capital punishment in a wrongful conviction is entirely inexcusable.
the defense can pay for it too you know. There is a foundation that works oon this sort of stuff, can't recall the name, but one of the attorneys is Barry Scheck (of OJ fame). google it.
I believe there have been some cases where the execution was already scheduled and imminent before a judge got cold feet due to new or pending DNA cases. California and Illinois come to mind.
Many states have put executions on hold in large part for this issue.What does the law have to say about testing DNA to clear someone of murder after the execution?
Genetic testing exonerated Florida inmate Frank Lee Smith several months after he died of natural causes while awaiting execution.
In 2000, tests ordered by a Georgia judge on evidence in the case of Ellis Wayne Felker, who was executed in 1996, were "inconclusive."
There is no law against it, but it must be ordered. And, as you note, there is a strong push-back against it.
well, consider the obvious.. if the wrong person was executed, the real criminal is possibly still out there, murdering someone else.
So, I think it would be valid (to a point). However, it won't happen for logistical reasons.
I think that all the people involved in those executions should go to jail. Especially, those involved in the judgement system
from the state of Texas: all of them are a bunch of criminals from the first one to the last one.
The law says the question is moot.
HOWEVER, if the govt wont do it, you can civilly go through the process of DNA testing, and if lucky possibly have the executed person declared not guilty.
Having the person declared not executed is beyond the scope of the law however.
Many in the legal system think its great to file charges and get convictions. Down in south florida they used to do it all the time until Ken Jenne, the Sheriff of Broward County, got arrested and convicted and thrown out of office.
THAT conviction WAS legit !!!
We can only hope the executed person committed some murder no one knew about so he got the right punishment even if it wasn't the right case....
What is a library in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
What is a library in the context of recombinant DNA technology? What are two common types of libraries made from eukaryotic cells? Why are both types of libraries often required?What is a library in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
A library is a collection of DNA molecules from some particular source cloned into a vector. Ideally, a complete library represents every piece of DNA in the original source. The two types of libraries are genomic libraries and cDNA libraries. In a genomic library, genomic DNA is fragmented (either randomly or with a restriction endonuclease) and the fragments are ligated into plasmids or viruses. A collection of those is the library and should contain all of the DNA from the genome. A cDNA library is produced by first isolating mRNA from some cell type, and then using those mRNA to produce complimentary DNA molecules. These cDNA are then cloned into plasmids or other vector. This library would represent all of the expressed genes in the original source, and wouldn't contain either the full gene or any genes that aren't expressed in that particular source tissue. Further, because the cDNA library is produced from mRNA molecules, the library would not contain introns or any of the regulatory DNA from the genome.
A library is a collection of DNA molecules from some particular source cloned into a vector. Ideally, a complete library represents every piece of DNA in the original source. The two types of libraries are genomic libraries and cDNA libraries. In a genomic library, genomic DNA is fragmented (either randomly or with a restriction endonuclease) and the fragments are ligated into plasmids or viruses. A collection of those is the library and should contain all of the DNA from the genome. A cDNA library is produced by first isolating mRNA from some cell type, and then using those mRNA to produce complimentary DNA molecules. These cDNA are then cloned into plasmids or other vector. This library would represent all of the expressed genes in the original source, and wouldn't contain either the full gene or any genes that aren't expressed in that particular source tissue. Further, because the cDNA library is produced from mRNA molecules, the library would not contain introns or any of the regulatory DNA from the genome.
What is HPV DNA studies and what should I do?
I took a thin prep pap smear last year and the result shown suggestive with HPV infection. The recommendation shows suggest HPV DNA studies. What is that? How bad/serious is that and what should I do next?What is HPV DNA studies and what should I do?
Some types of HPV cause cervical cancer, and some cause genital warts.
What's interesting, though, is that the genital warts strains can sometimes cause cervical dyplasia, but this would not progress to cancer.
Most gynecologists I know don't actually recommend HPV DNA testing, but it's actually a really good idea!! They can use your pap smear sample (or get a new one) and tell you which strains of HPV you have. If you have one of the cancer-causing ones, they might want to do more tests on you, or follow up with you more frequently. They will do a colposcopy where they examine your cervix under a microscope and might do a biopsy if they see something suspiscious. (This procedure is no big deal!) They might recommend treatment, or just follow ups (probably every 3 months) until the HPV goes away.
If you don't have a cancer-causing strain, your chances of cervical cancer are near zero, so they will probably just have you repeat the pap smear in 6 months or so.
Whatever this is, even if you have a cancer-0causing type of HPV, if you go to all your follow ups, you doctor can treat anything BEFORE it becomes cancer. So no, this is NOT a big deal. It's very common, usually requires NO treatment, and if treatment is required, it's easy treatment and you will be 100% fine.What is HPV DNA studies and what should I do?
HPV DNA testing will determine what type of HPV you have. Some types can cause cervical cancer, other types just cause genital warts. The test can determine if you have a high-risk type of HPV.
**Also Dr Ester, you have been reported for copying and pasting my answer to a previous question which is a violation on Y!A:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;鈥?/a>
Please do your own research.
Some types of HPV cause cervical cancer, and some cause genital warts.
What's interesting, though, is that the genital warts strains can sometimes cause cervical dyplasia, but this would not progress to cancer.
Most gynecologists I know don't actually recommend HPV DNA testing, but it's actually a really good idea!! They can use your pap smear sample (or get a new one) and tell you which strains of HPV you have. If you have one of the cancer-causing ones, they might want to do more tests on you, or follow up with you more frequently. They will do a colposcopy where they examine your cervix under a microscope and might do a biopsy if they see something suspiscious. (This procedure is no big deal!) They might recommend treatment, or just follow ups (probably every 3 months) until the HPV goes away.
If you don't have a cancer-causing strain, your chances of cervical cancer are near zero, so they will probably just have you repeat the pap smear in 6 months or so.
Whatever this is, even if you have a cancer-0causing type of HPV, if you go to all your follow ups, you doctor can treat anything BEFORE it becomes cancer. So no, this is NOT a big deal. It's very common, usually requires NO treatment, and if treatment is required, it's easy treatment and you will be 100% fine.What is HPV DNA studies and what should I do?
HPV DNA testing will determine what type of HPV you have. Some types can cause cervical cancer, other types just cause genital warts. The test can determine if you have a high-risk type of HPV.
**Also Dr Ester, you have been reported for copying and pasting my answer to a previous question which is a violation on Y!A:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;鈥?/a>
Please do your own research.
What happens to DNA and RNA in acid and base?
I think I read somewhere that RNA is more susceptible to high pH than DNA is. However, they are both unstable in acid. Could someone please explain why this is in terms of their chemical structure, as well as the chemical processes that occur when both are in these solutions? Any source provided would also be extremely helpful.What happens to DNA and RNA in acid and base?
Chemical Hydrolysis of DNA
At very low pH (1 or less) phosphodiester bond hydrolysis occurs accompanied by breakage of the N glycosylic bond between the base and the deoxyribose.
At very high pH, DNA is resistant to hydrolysis.
Acid hydrolysis cleaves susceptible purine N-glycosyl bonds in both DNA and RNA. When RNA is boiled in dilute acid, adenine and guanine are released, leaving an “apurinic acid” which maybe further hydrolyzed to a mixture of pyrimidine nucleotides. The pyrimidines are more resistant to acid hydrolysis. Bond cleavage of the N-glycosyl bonds requires more vigorous conditio0ns like heating with acids in an autoclave or sealed tubes. This would release cytosine and uracil. However, during the process, there is a tendency for cytosine to be deaminated to uracil. Significant hydrolysis of RNA can be obtained by treatment with 1N HCl at 100oC for 1 hour.
Base hydrolysis of RNA produces a mixture of 2’ and 3’ nucleotides of cyclic 2’, 3’-monophosphate intermediates. These are further hydrolyzed by alkali, which attacks either one of the two P-O-C linkages, to yield a mixture of 2’ and 3’ nucleoside monophosphates. DNA, on the other hand, is not readily hydrolyzed by dilute alkali because it lacks the 2’ hydroxyl group and therefore, cannot form the necessary 2’-3’ cyclic monophosphate intermediates.
Chemical Hydrolysis of DNA
At very low pH (1 or less) phosphodiester bond hydrolysis occurs accompanied by breakage of the N glycosylic bond between the base and the deoxyribose.
At very high pH, DNA is resistant to hydrolysis.
Acid hydrolysis cleaves susceptible purine N-glycosyl bonds in both DNA and RNA. When RNA is boiled in dilute acid, adenine and guanine are released, leaving an “apurinic acid” which maybe further hydrolyzed to a mixture of pyrimidine nucleotides. The pyrimidines are more resistant to acid hydrolysis. Bond cleavage of the N-glycosyl bonds requires more vigorous conditio0ns like heating with acids in an autoclave or sealed tubes. This would release cytosine and uracil. However, during the process, there is a tendency for cytosine to be deaminated to uracil. Significant hydrolysis of RNA can be obtained by treatment with 1N HCl at 100oC for 1 hour.
Base hydrolysis of RNA produces a mixture of 2’ and 3’ nucleotides of cyclic 2’, 3’-monophosphate intermediates. These are further hydrolyzed by alkali, which attacks either one of the two P-O-C linkages, to yield a mixture of 2’ and 3’ nucleoside monophosphates. DNA, on the other hand, is not readily hydrolyzed by dilute alkali because it lacks the 2’ hydroxyl group and therefore, cannot form the necessary 2’-3’ cyclic monophosphate intermediates.
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
1. The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands.
2. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
3. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
4. One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
5. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidinesWhat is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The answer is 2.
The strands are parallel (equidistant apart), but one strand has the -OH (3') end up while the other has the Phosphate (5') end up, creating the anti- part of anti-parallel.What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
2!
When you look at a particular end of the duplex the terminal nucleotide of one strand has a free 3'OH and the other has a free 5'PO4^2-. This makes the strands antiparallel and is because the specific direction of synthesis of DNA which is through 5'--%26gt;3' .
The fourth point in your question is wrong i guess. Both the strands are negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups.
Number 2
One strand runs 3' to 5' while the strand it pairs with runs 5' to 3'
2. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
3. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
4. One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
5. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidinesWhat is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The answer is 2.
The strands are parallel (equidistant apart), but one strand has the -OH (3') end up while the other has the Phosphate (5') end up, creating the anti- part of anti-parallel.What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
2!
Report Abuse
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?When you look at a particular end of the duplex the terminal nucleotide of one strand has a free 3'OH and the other has a free 5'PO4^2-. This makes the strands antiparallel and is because the specific direction of synthesis of DNA which is through 5'--%26gt;3' .
The fourth point in your question is wrong i guess. Both the strands are negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups.
Number 2
One strand runs 3' to 5' while the strand it pairs with runs 5' to 3'
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
1. The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands.
2. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
3. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
4. One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
5. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidinesWhat is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The answer is 2.
The strands are parallel (equidistant apart), but one strand has the -OH (3') end up while the other has the Phosphate (5') end up, creating the anti- part of anti-parallel.What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
2!
When you look at a particular end of the duplex the terminal nucleotide of one strand has a free 3'OH and the other has a free 5'PO4^2-. This makes the strands antiparallel and is because the specific direction of synthesis of DNA which is through 5'--%26gt;3' .
The fourth point in your question is wrong i guess. Both the strands are negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups.
Number 2
One strand runs 3' to 5' while the strand it pairs with runs 5' to 3'cheesecake factory coupons mike geary
2. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
3. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
4. One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
5. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidinesWhat is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The answer is 2.
The strands are parallel (equidistant apart), but one strand has the -OH (3') end up while the other has the Phosphate (5') end up, creating the anti- part of anti-parallel.What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
2!
Report Abuse
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?When you look at a particular end of the duplex the terminal nucleotide of one strand has a free 3'OH and the other has a free 5'PO4^2-. This makes the strands antiparallel and is because the specific direction of synthesis of DNA which is through 5'--%26gt;3' .
The fourth point in your question is wrong i guess. Both the strands are negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups.
Number 2
One strand runs 3' to 5' while the strand it pairs with runs 5' to 3'
What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
Choose one answer.
a. DNA replication terminates when a modified base is added.
b. They are easily recognized by the computer.
c. They are added to the DNA chain just like the normal bases.
d. All of these.
e. None of these.
PLEASE HELP!What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
It's d.
The modified bases are fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides. They can be incorporated into a growing DNA chain by their 5'-phosphate group (c. - i.e. like normal deoxynucleotides) but they lack a 3'-OH group meaning that no new bases can be incorporated (a.). Since they are fluorescently labelled, the label can be excited by a laser and easily picked up by a computer (b.) to identify the base.
______
Yes, sorry, Neil-Rob is right! Amended!What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
Above answer has it right.
That said, the modified bases are incorporated by virtue of their 5' phosphate groups. They don't have 5' OH groups.What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
D
Choose one answer.
a. DNA replication terminates when a modified base is added.
b. They are easily recognized by the computer.
c. They are added to the DNA chain just like the normal bases.
d. All of these.
e. None of these.
PLEASE HELP!What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
It's d.
The modified bases are fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides. They can be incorporated into a growing DNA chain by their 5'-phosphate group (c. - i.e. like normal deoxynucleotides) but they lack a 3'-OH group meaning that no new bases can be incorporated (a.). Since they are fluorescently labelled, the label can be excited by a laser and easily picked up by a computer (b.) to identify the base.
______
Yes, sorry, Neil-Rob is right! Amended!What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
Above answer has it right.
That said, the modified bases are incorporated by virtue of their 5' phosphate groups. They don't have 5' OH groups.What is the purpose of the modified bases in DNA sequencing?
D
What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
i heard about false positive, and false negative in dna testing, what is that. tried to look for explanation but did not find a specific one. some explain that could be the father but shows negative,or shows positive is but is not the father.What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
This is news to me. I always thought it was foolproof. I did a search and it says that if there are 2 possible fathers, and they are biologically related, then a positive can be achieved for both. So there would have to be the mother's testing, and both possibilities and a comparison. Beside that, I found nothing else.What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
A false positive is when the test says someone is the father but they are not. The answer is affirmative, or positive, but false.
A false negative is when the test determines that someone is not the father, but in fact they are. In this case the answer is negative, but false.
For paternity testing I assume there would be a higher false positive rate than false negative if the test is done correctly. This is because there is always a small chance that someone shares DNA markers.What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
False positive result is when the test comes up positive (test said you are the daddy)but the results are wrong
False Negative is when a test comes up negative (you are not the Daddy) but the test is wrong.
In the diagnosis of a disease a false negative result would delay necesary treatmentof a disease because the disease is present but the test did not detect it.
In the diagnosis of a disease a false positive result would cause treatmentof a disease that is really not there.
a false positive is anything that leads to a result that is incorrect for a certain thing. like say i wasn't your real mother but in the lab i dropped my pubic hair into the test and it came up that i was your real mother... it's like that.
This is news to me. I always thought it was foolproof. I did a search and it says that if there are 2 possible fathers, and they are biologically related, then a positive can be achieved for both. So there would have to be the mother's testing, and both possibilities and a comparison. Beside that, I found nothing else.What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
A false positive is when the test says someone is the father but they are not. The answer is affirmative, or positive, but false.
A false negative is when the test determines that someone is not the father, but in fact they are. In this case the answer is negative, but false.
For paternity testing I assume there would be a higher false positive rate than false negative if the test is done correctly. This is because there is always a small chance that someone shares DNA markers.What is false positive and false negative in a dna testing for paternity?
False positive result is when the test comes up positive (test said you are the daddy)but the results are wrong
False Negative is when a test comes up negative (you are not the Daddy) but the test is wrong.
In the diagnosis of a disease a false negative result would delay necesary treatmentof a disease because the disease is present but the test did not detect it.
In the diagnosis of a disease a false positive result would cause treatmentof a disease that is really not there.
a false positive is anything that leads to a result that is incorrect for a certain thing. like say i wasn't your real mother but in the lab i dropped my pubic hair into the test and it came up that i was your real mother... it's like that.
What is the dilution factor if 2 ul of DNA sample is added to 498 ul of water?
If the A260=.2 for the diluted sample, what is the concentration of DNA in the undiluted sample in ug/uL?What is the dilution factor if 2 ul of DNA sample is added to 498 ul of water?
Dilution factor = Final volume/initial volume = 500/2 = 250
Dilution factor = Final volume/initial volume = 500/2 = 250
What is the role of Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
We had this as an assignment and my head is aching. I've already researched what they did/ what they were famous for but I can't relate it to James Watson's and Francis Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA. Somebody help me! Please . . .What is the role of Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
They were Rosalind Franklin's ganja hookup.
C'mon, that was an easy one! Gimme something that makes MY head ache!What is the role of Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
Boveri determined that all chromosomes were required for sea urchin reproduction. Sutton showed that chromosomal pattern could be associated with Mendelian inheritance patterns.
They were Rosalind Franklin's ganja hookup.
C'mon, that was an easy one! Gimme something that makes MY head ache!What is the role of Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
Boveri determined that all chromosomes were required for sea urchin reproduction. Sutton showed that chromosomal pattern could be associated with Mendelian inheritance patterns.
What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
I heard that the English are Germanic, so is that German? I also heard that the English have Danish in them. What is Germanic? Where did the English come from?What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
First, I'll mention that all native Europeans descend from one of 9 different women--so all are very interrelated!
At one time it was believed that the English were all descended from invading Angles,Saxons, and Jutes, Germanic peoples who arrived enmasse in the 5th c,with some later viking input, but it's not as simple as that. There were already 3 million people in what is now England when these Germanic people arrived. We used to call them 'celtic' but that's not really a correct tag either; mainly they were the descendants of hunter gatherers and neolithic farmers who had been in the British Isles for thousands of years. Most originally reached the British Isles from places along the old trade-way of the western seaboard--especially from Iberia down to Brittany.
Due to the change of language and some monastic accounts, it was once believed the Germanic tribes killed or drove off pretty much ALL the natives. Now think about it, there would have been between 20,000 and 200,000 max Angles/saxons/jutes including,presumably, women and children if it was a folk migration. Could they really get rid of vastly superior numbers? It seems unlikely,and even more unlikely since very little physical evidence of mass killing, no huge grave sites etc.
It is more likely they pushed there way in, grabbed the best lands and dominated the area with their language and customs. Lots of 'natives' were doubtless still about but perhaps 'second class citizens.' Interestingly, several early 'saxon' kings mentioned in their own legend such as Cerdic and Cynric, actually have CELTIC names that have been 'Anglicized'! So along the way they were adopting local history/myth into their own.
Dna testing has found most saxon genes in the East and some places in middle England. The west is far more aboriginal, with Cornwall sharing most of its Dna with Wales. In any event, the 'old' types are still as prevalent as the later ones,across most of England; as Churchill said, the English might more accurately be called 'anglo celtic.'mediterranean diet what is research
I heard that the English are Germanic, so is that German? I also heard that the English have Danish in them. What is Germanic? Where did the English come from?What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
First, I'll mention that all native Europeans descend from one of 9 different women--so all are very interrelated!
At one time it was believed that the English were all descended from invading Angles,Saxons, and Jutes, Germanic peoples who arrived enmasse in the 5th c,with some later viking input, but it's not as simple as that. There were already 3 million people in what is now England when these Germanic people arrived. We used to call them 'celtic' but that's not really a correct tag either; mainly they were the descendants of hunter gatherers and neolithic farmers who had been in the British Isles for thousands of years. Most originally reached the British Isles from places along the old trade-way of the western seaboard--especially from Iberia down to Brittany.
Due to the change of language and some monastic accounts, it was once believed the Germanic tribes killed or drove off pretty much ALL the natives. Now think about it, there would have been between 20,000 and 200,000 max Angles/saxons/jutes including,presumably, women and children if it was a folk migration. Could they really get rid of vastly superior numbers? It seems unlikely,and even more unlikely since very little physical evidence of mass killing, no huge grave sites etc.
It is more likely they pushed there way in, grabbed the best lands and dominated the area with their language and customs. Lots of 'natives' were doubtless still about but perhaps 'second class citizens.' Interestingly, several early 'saxon' kings mentioned in their own legend such as Cerdic and Cynric, actually have CELTIC names that have been 'Anglicized'! So along the way they were adopting local history/myth into their own.
Dna testing has found most saxon genes in the East and some places in middle England. The west is far more aboriginal, with Cornwall sharing most of its Dna with Wales. In any event, the 'old' types are still as prevalent as the later ones,across most of England; as Churchill said, the English might more accurately be called 'anglo celtic.'
How to determine DNA corresponding mRNA and amino acid sequences?
If a DNA section reads (5'-CGAGATGCAGGAAACTTCCTAACGAAGCA-3'), what is the corresponding mRNA, and amino acid sequence of the protein.How to determine DNA corresponding mRNA and amino acid sequences?
mRNA....5'-UGCUUCGUUAGGAAGUUUCCUGCAUCCUC鈥?The translation will begin at AUG. That is not in this sequence so there will be no protein. If this is somewhere in the middle, use every three bases and put in appropriate amino acids using the genetic code.How to determine DNA corresponding mRNA and amino acid sequences?
that guy is correct
and the stop codons are usually uag, uaa, uga
then it goes out of the nuclear envelope
then to the ribosome
and the sythesis occurs
blah bla h blah
ohh and there should be a chart for the corresponding amino acid chain
done.
mRNA....5'-UGCUUCGUUAGGAAGUUUCCUGCAUCCUC鈥?The translation will begin at AUG. That is not in this sequence so there will be no protein. If this is somewhere in the middle, use every three bases and put in appropriate amino acids using the genetic code.How to determine DNA corresponding mRNA and amino acid sequences?
that guy is correct
and the stop codons are usually uag, uaa, uga
then it goes out of the nuclear envelope
then to the ribosome
and the sythesis occurs
blah bla h blah
ohh and there should be a chart for the corresponding amino acid chain
done.
What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
I heard that the English are Germanic, so is that German? I also heard that the English have Danish in them. What is Germanic? Where did the English come from?What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
there is NO such thing as a "pure" ethnicity in Europe. English are a combination of Vikings, Anglo-saxons, Flemish, Romans, etc...What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
Most English people have some descent from the earliest settlers of the British Isles, the hunter gatherers and neolithic farmers, with some much later anglo-saxon and some viking ancestry as well. Often it depends on the regions they live--the east has more saxon/viking, the west is more aboriginal. Germanic doesn't necessarily mean modern German; in fact, the closest match of 'germanic' dna of the English generally matches people living in modern Holland rather than Germany.
A more correct term for the English is probably Anglo-celtic; they are as closely related to their celtic neighbours as to peoples over the North Sea.
*Ashley, in many cases you can seperate the two. There are Germanic and British strains of Y-dna R1b for instance and much more R1a in Germany.Plus Germans have more type A blood while the EnglIsh have more O.What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
The English have descended from the first humans to settle in the British Isles after the last Ice Age, then Celtic and Germanic settlers who came after.
Not all of the Germanic settlers came after the Roman invasion, some came before.
Danes are Germanic. Germanic is an ethno-linguistic term for a branch of Indo-Europeans. (it is best to look that up for yourself as the explanation is a bit long, but Indo-European basically means European that originated in India, it has been noticed that there are similarity between some Indian langauges such as Sanskrit and European languages)
The English did not come from one single place, but are named after the tribe of the Angles (脝nglisc) who came from Angeln in modern day Schleswig Holstein, northern Germany.
The DNA is almost exactly the same. I'm doubtful you can tell a German from an Englishman simply from DNA. An African and an Asian might be more plausible, but keep in mind we share 99% of our DNA with monkeys.
Basically, there is no defining feature between a German and an Englishman.
I heard that the English are Germanic, so is that German? I also heard that the English have Danish in them. What is Germanic? Where did the English come from?What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
there is NO such thing as a "pure" ethnicity in Europe. English are a combination of Vikings, Anglo-saxons, Flemish, Romans, etc...What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
Most English people have some descent from the earliest settlers of the British Isles, the hunter gatherers and neolithic farmers, with some much later anglo-saxon and some viking ancestry as well. Often it depends on the regions they live--the east has more saxon/viking, the west is more aboriginal. Germanic doesn't necessarily mean modern German; in fact, the closest match of 'germanic' dna of the English generally matches people living in modern Holland rather than Germany.
A more correct term for the English is probably Anglo-celtic; they are as closely related to their celtic neighbours as to peoples over the North Sea.
*Ashley, in many cases you can seperate the two. There are Germanic and British strains of Y-dna R1b for instance and much more R1a in Germany.Plus Germans have more type A blood while the EnglIsh have more O.What are the DNA and other origins of the English people?
The English have descended from the first humans to settle in the British Isles after the last Ice Age, then Celtic and Germanic settlers who came after.
Not all of the Germanic settlers came after the Roman invasion, some came before.
Danes are Germanic. Germanic is an ethno-linguistic term for a branch of Indo-Europeans. (it is best to look that up for yourself as the explanation is a bit long, but Indo-European basically means European that originated in India, it has been noticed that there are similarity between some Indian langauges such as Sanskrit and European languages)
The English did not come from one single place, but are named after the tribe of the Angles (脝nglisc) who came from Angeln in modern day Schleswig Holstein, northern Germany.
The DNA is almost exactly the same. I'm doubtful you can tell a German from an Englishman simply from DNA. An African and an Asian might be more plausible, but keep in mind we share 99% of our DNA with monkeys.
Basically, there is no defining feature between a German and an Englishman.
What is the sequence of bases on the complimentary DNA strand?
One strand of DNA molecule has the base sequence GATTCGTA
I don't get it.What is the sequence of bases on the complimentary DNA strand?
A goes with T and G goes with C due to complimentary base pairing.Just match them up.What is the sequence of bases on the complimentary DNA strand?
The bases that are "complimentary" are CTAAGCAT.
DNA is double stranded and G's pair with C's, and A's pair with T's
But DNA is directional too, with one strand running in one direction, and the other strand running in the opposite direction.
So the actual sequence that would pair with GATTCGTA, is TACGAATC, which is the reverse compliment. So be mindful of that if you are ever doing something like designing primers for PCR.
I don't get it.What is the sequence of bases on the complimentary DNA strand?
A goes with T and G goes with C due to complimentary base pairing.Just match them up.What is the sequence of bases on the complimentary DNA strand?
The bases that are "complimentary" are CTAAGCAT.
DNA is double stranded and G's pair with C's, and A's pair with T's
But DNA is directional too, with one strand running in one direction, and the other strand running in the opposite direction.
So the actual sequence that would pair with GATTCGTA, is TACGAATC, which is the reverse compliment. So be mindful of that if you are ever doing something like designing primers for PCR.
DNA was not the first informational molecule in evolving cells. What choice best supports this statement?
A. Ribozymes act as catalysts for diverse reactions.
B. RNA appeared after hundreds of millions of years of prebiotic chemical synthesis.
C. Ribozymes were probably isolated in a vesicle resembling a living cell.
D. DNA can replicate only with the help of enzymes, but the code for enzyme construction is found in the DNA.
E. Self-replicating molecules alone do not constitute life.DNA was not the first informational molecule in evolving cells. What choice best supports this statement?
It's B. The question alludes to the appearance of RNA before DNA. None of the other choices reflect that.DNA was not the first informational molecule in evolving cells. What choice best supports this statement?
D. DNA can replicate only with the help of enzymes, but the code for enzyme construction is found in the DNA.
The chicken-or-egg paradox. As it stands, DNA is prevented from being the first information-storing molecule because there's no way to get the information stored in it: for example, even IF a full-blown human genome of DNA just magically popped into existence, a copy of it couldn't be made, so it would quickly spontaneously degrade and the world would be none the better off for its ever arising. The paradox is solved by positing that, before the DNA/enzyme system existed, RNA both stored genetic information (it still does in many viruses) and catalyzed chemical reactions (catalytic RNAs are called ribozymes): the RNA world.
B. RNA appeared after hundreds of millions of years of prebiotic chemical synthesis.
C. Ribozymes were probably isolated in a vesicle resembling a living cell.
D. DNA can replicate only with the help of enzymes, but the code for enzyme construction is found in the DNA.
E. Self-replicating molecules alone do not constitute life.DNA was not the first informational molecule in evolving cells. What choice best supports this statement?
It's B. The question alludes to the appearance of RNA before DNA. None of the other choices reflect that.DNA was not the first informational molecule in evolving cells. What choice best supports this statement?
D. DNA can replicate only with the help of enzymes, but the code for enzyme construction is found in the DNA.
The chicken-or-egg paradox. As it stands, DNA is prevented from being the first information-storing molecule because there's no way to get the information stored in it: for example, even IF a full-blown human genome of DNA just magically popped into existence, a copy of it couldn't be made, so it would quickly spontaneously degrade and the world would be none the better off for its ever arising. The paradox is solved by positing that, before the DNA/enzyme system existed, RNA both stored genetic information (it still does in many viruses) and catalyzed chemical reactions (catalytic RNAs are called ribozymes): the RNA world.
What if your job among enzymes on the DNA replication team is to keep single DNA strands from getting tangled ?
What if your job among enzymes on the DNA replication team is to keep single DNA strands from getting tangled you're a complex of four protein subunits called an? What if your job among enzymes on the DNA replication team is to keep single DNA strands from getting tangled ?
The enzyme that keeps the DNA from getting tangled is Topoisomerase.. I believe there are a few of them (topoisomerase I, II, III, IV and they differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)
If you're looking for what the subunits are called, I could only fine ParE and ParCitalian foods new album releases
The enzyme that keeps the DNA from getting tangled is Topoisomerase.. I believe there are a few of them (topoisomerase I, II, III, IV and they differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)
If you're looking for what the subunits are called, I could only fine ParE and ParC
How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?
What is the structure of DNA?
What is its function?
How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?
DNA is a member of the nucleic acids, one of the four major classes of macromolecules.
At the basic level, it is composed of four nucleotides or bases, which in turn are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA), and a phosphate group. The two major groups of DNA bases are purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine). One pyrimidine always binds to a purine. Cytosine always binds to guanine, and adenine to thymine. In this way, polymers of DNA are created. They are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the bases. These bonds cause DNA to form a double helical structure (helix).
The function of DNA is to hold the genetic information of an individual. Your DNA is used to synthesize proteins in your body. A specific sequence of DNA nucleotides (e.g. AUG) will code for a speicific amino acid (the basic unit of a protein, in this case, methionine). In turn, proteins have thousands upon thousands of roles within your body.
The structure of DNA facilitates its function in several ways. It's held together by hydrogen bonds, which allows proteins to come in and pull the two strands apart. If the strands were held by covalent bonds, replication of DNA wouldn't be possible. It can be either uncondensed, as it usually is during the duration of the cell cycle, or condensed to chromosomes, like during mitosis.How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?
DNA looks like little tubey things - almost like strings and DNA is what makes everbody special and different. DNA is where all your chomosome live - thats the function. If you die, and your body is mangled beyond recognition - death scientist will use your DNA in order to indentify you and then they will be able to contact your loved ones to inform them that you have passed away.
What is its function?
How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?
DNA is a member of the nucleic acids, one of the four major classes of macromolecules.
At the basic level, it is composed of four nucleotides or bases, which in turn are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA), and a phosphate group. The two major groups of DNA bases are purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine). One pyrimidine always binds to a purine. Cytosine always binds to guanine, and adenine to thymine. In this way, polymers of DNA are created. They are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the bases. These bonds cause DNA to form a double helical structure (helix).
The function of DNA is to hold the genetic information of an individual. Your DNA is used to synthesize proteins in your body. A specific sequence of DNA nucleotides (e.g. AUG) will code for a speicific amino acid (the basic unit of a protein, in this case, methionine). In turn, proteins have thousands upon thousands of roles within your body.
The structure of DNA facilitates its function in several ways. It's held together by hydrogen bonds, which allows proteins to come in and pull the two strands apart. If the strands were held by covalent bonds, replication of DNA wouldn't be possible. It can be either uncondensed, as it usually is during the duration of the cell cycle, or condensed to chromosomes, like during mitosis.How does the structure of DNA facilitate its function?
DNA looks like little tubey things - almost like strings and DNA is what makes everbody special and different. DNA is where all your chomosome live - thats the function. If you die, and your body is mangled beyond recognition - death scientist will use your DNA in order to indentify you and then they will be able to contact your loved ones to inform them that you have passed away.
What are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
Looking for an at home dog DNA test that is fairly accurate and not as expensive as veterinarian administered blood tests. The purpose of this test is out of curiosity and not necessity... Any input is appreciated...thank you for your help!What are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
Hay I'm getting mine done on my husky mix too!
I bought mine a couple days ago so it still hasn't came in the mail yet it's called the DNA Breed Identification from BioPet it cost about $44
but hay it will solve my curiosity once I get the information back.
I really have to question the validity of these tests. I know it's anecdotal, but I know someone who paid their vet over $200 for a DNA test, and the results identified their dog as being Toy Poodle crossed with Shih-Tzu along with a few others, all small breeds. Her dog weighs almost 100 pounds. When she complained the testing company said that the Vet didn't send in a picture. After they got a picture it appears as though they just guessed from the picture.
That being said, the cheapest one I could find was BioPet @ $44.95:
http://www.biopetvetlab.com/dnahome.htmWhat are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
I tried one from dog dna and it worked out for me , if you pay over $200
then it is too expensive
For what purpose? To determine parentage or breed? The AKC has one that is about $35. but it will not tell you what kind of dog you have.What are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
There are NO accurate ones for breed. Save your money.
Hay I'm getting mine done on my husky mix too!
I bought mine a couple days ago so it still hasn't came in the mail yet it's called the DNA Breed Identification from BioPet it cost about $44
but hay it will solve my curiosity once I get the information back.
I really have to question the validity of these tests. I know it's anecdotal, but I know someone who paid their vet over $200 for a DNA test, and the results identified their dog as being Toy Poodle crossed with Shih-Tzu along with a few others, all small breeds. Her dog weighs almost 100 pounds. When she complained the testing company said that the Vet didn't send in a picture. After they got a picture it appears as though they just guessed from the picture.
That being said, the cheapest one I could find was BioPet @ $44.95:
http://www.biopetvetlab.com/dnahome.htmWhat are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
I tried one from dog dna and it worked out for me , if you pay over $200
then it is too expensive
For what purpose? To determine parentage or breed? The AKC has one that is about $35. but it will not tell you what kind of dog you have.What are the most accurate and price friendly DNA test kits for dogs?
There are NO accurate ones for breed. Save your money.
How to dna test a persons family that is not willing?
I just found out my father passed in 89. I was born in 84. I'm now twenty six...My family is just now telling me, my real father committed suicide. The decease's mother is 87, she is saying why bother, leave it be. If i had a good father that was good to me ...I wouldn't bother. But I don't ..I need answers. So I know. So I need to dna test them. What should I do if there not willing?How to dna test a persons family that is not willing?
If they don't want to know then there is nothing you can do about it.
If they don't want to know then there is nothing you can do about it.
Visibility of DNA during cell cycle, why visible and other times not?
During the cell cycle, sometimes our DNA is visible in the form of chromosome and at other times, it is not visible. Why does it alternate in form like this? What is going on when it is visible and when it is invisible?Visibility of DNA during cell cycle, why visible and other times not?
When the cell is getting ready to divide into two cells, it needs a complete copy of the DNA in each new cell. So the DNA is copied. Then the DNA is put in compact structures so that it can be efficiently and correctly divided between the two cells. Think of copying all the files in a dentist office - if you copied them all and then divided them up into boxes, it would be much easier to divide them between two new offices than if you just had papers strewn all over the place. A chromosome is the same idea - a compact structure that can be easily moved and accounted for.
When the cell is getting ready to divide into two cells, it needs a complete copy of the DNA in each new cell. So the DNA is copied. Then the DNA is put in compact structures so that it can be efficiently and correctly divided between the two cells. Think of copying all the files in a dentist office - if you copied them all and then divided them up into boxes, it would be much easier to divide them between two new offices than if you just had papers strewn all over the place. A chromosome is the same idea - a compact structure that can be easily moved and accounted for.
If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid sequence?If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
changing an A to T in your sequence may or may not alter the amino acid produced, dending on the reading frame. Some questions i have though: There are no start codons (ATG) in your stretch of DNA so would like just this stretch translated? And if you'd like to translate from the beginning of this stretch, how come you only list 11 nucleotides rather than 12 (3 nucleotides per codon = 4 codons). Examples like that usually require visually scanning the sequence for a potential start codon.
some things that may help you though: an A to T mutation is less deleterious than an A to G mutation, for example, because the number of hydrogen bonds between these nucleotides is retained and melting temp. etc. are retained as well. This referrs to "transition" mutations.
also, if the mutation is in the FIRST position of the nucleotide it is almost always "silent"- refer to your genetic code table for this, but the amino acid that results from CCT is the same as GCT, as an example. Second and Third position mutations are often more harmful because they tend to change the amino acid produced. I cannot say which position this A to T change is, however, because i'm not sure of your reading frame, but hope these points will help.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
The amino acid sequence will be corrupted because of the change on the 8th (A instead of T). Then the protein will not be produced.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
Alan V is correct--it depends on the reading frame.
If your reading frame is this: ATC GAC TAG CT, then changing the TAG to TTG will change the encoded amino acid to leucine (TTG) from a stop codon (TAG) and your protein would keep being translated after it should have stopped.
If your reading frame is this: A TCG ACT AGC T, then you will again have an amino acid change to TGC (cysteine) from AGC (serine).
If your reading frame is this: AT CGA CTA GCT, the change from CTA to CTT will have no effect on the amino acid sequence because both CTA and CTT encode leucine.
You can do a google search for "amino acid codons" and get the codes for all the amino acids.sea doo long john silvers locations
changing an A to T in your sequence may or may not alter the amino acid produced, dending on the reading frame. Some questions i have though: There are no start codons (ATG) in your stretch of DNA so would like just this stretch translated? And if you'd like to translate from the beginning of this stretch, how come you only list 11 nucleotides rather than 12 (3 nucleotides per codon = 4 codons). Examples like that usually require visually scanning the sequence for a potential start codon.
some things that may help you though: an A to T mutation is less deleterious than an A to G mutation, for example, because the number of hydrogen bonds between these nucleotides is retained and melting temp. etc. are retained as well. This referrs to "transition" mutations.
also, if the mutation is in the FIRST position of the nucleotide it is almost always "silent"- refer to your genetic code table for this, but the amino acid that results from CCT is the same as GCT, as an example. Second and Third position mutations are often more harmful because they tend to change the amino acid produced. I cannot say which position this A to T change is, however, because i'm not sure of your reading frame, but hope these points will help.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
The amino acid sequence will be corrupted because of the change on the 8th (A instead of T). Then the protein will not be produced.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
Alan V is correct--it depends on the reading frame.
If your reading frame is this: ATC GAC TAG CT, then changing the TAG to TTG will change the encoded amino acid to leucine (TTG) from a stop codon (TAG) and your protein would keep being translated after it should have stopped.
If your reading frame is this: A TCG ACT AGC T, then you will again have an amino acid change to TGC (cysteine) from AGC (serine).
If your reading frame is this: AT CGA CTA GCT, the change from CTA to CTT will have no effect on the amino acid sequence because both CTA and CTT encode leucine.
You can do a google search for "amino acid codons" and get the codes for all the amino acids.
What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
I just want to know the way in which Adenine and Guanine attach themselves to the Pentose sugar in the DNA.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Pentose is a 5-carbon sugar. Consider a pentagon whose apex is oxygen atom. From this O- atom in a clockwise direction there are 4 carbon atoms, namely, 1', 2', 3' and 4' at each of four other vertices. The 5th carbon atom is attached to 4' - carbon as -CH2OH group. The other valency of this 4' - carbon is satisfied with one -H atom. The rest of the three carbon atoms should contain one -H atom and one -OH group, except the 2' - caron, whose -OH group is dehydrogenated to -H group. That is why DNA is deoxyribose.
In DNA molecule phosphate groups are attached in between two ribose monomers. Thus, each ribose molecule is attached to two phosphate groups- one at 3' carbon, another at 5' carbon. Two strands of DNA are complimentary and if one starts like 3' - 5' -3' ----------3' - 5', then another will be 5' - 3' - 5' ------ 5' - 3'. During replication one strand moves along 5' - 3' and the other along 3' to 5'. The steps of DNA double-helix ladder are made of bases. One base attaches to each ribose unit on both linear sugar-phosphate chains of two strands at the 2' - carbon atom and the complimentary base (A-T and G-C)of other strand attaches to the former through hydrogen bonding.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Purines bond to the C1' of the sugar at their N9 atoms - Guanine and Adenine.
Pyrimidines bond to the sugar C1' atom at their N1 atoms -
Pentose is a 5-carbon sugar. Consider a pentagon whose apex is oxygen atom. From this O- atom in a clockwise direction there are 4 carbon atoms, namely, 1', 2', 3' and 4' at each of four other vertices. The 5th carbon atom is attached to 4' - carbon as -CH2OH group. The other valency of this 4' - carbon is satisfied with one -H atom. The rest of the three carbon atoms should contain one -H atom and one -OH group, except the 2' - caron, whose -OH group is dehydrogenated to -H group. That is why DNA is deoxyribose.
In DNA molecule phosphate groups are attached in between two ribose monomers. Thus, each ribose molecule is attached to two phosphate groups- one at 3' carbon, another at 5' carbon. Two strands of DNA are complimentary and if one starts like 3' - 5' -3' ----------3' - 5', then another will be 5' - 3' - 5' ------ 5' - 3'. During replication one strand moves along 5' - 3' and the other along 3' to 5'. The steps of DNA double-helix ladder are made of bases. One base attaches to each ribose unit on both linear sugar-phosphate chains of two strands at the 2' - carbon atom and the complimentary base (A-T and G-C)of other strand attaches to the former through hydrogen bonding.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Purines bond to the C1' of the sugar at their N9 atoms - Guanine and Adenine.
Pyrimidines bond to the sugar C1' atom at their N1 atoms -
What is the evolutionary advantage of introns in dna?
I understand what an intron is, but I don't actually understand what the point is of a dna sequence containing them. Why even bother wasting the time and energy to transcribe such a thing if it's not going to be used? How could this even confer an advantage to the cell?What is the evolutionary advantage of introns in dna?
More protein diversity. There are only about 23 000 genes in the human genome, but we make more than 2 million proteins. One of the ways this occurs is by alternative splicing of genes depending on which cell type you are.
For example, Cell 1 might use exons 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 in making a protein, while Cell 2 might transcribe exons 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 instead. This uses one gene, but makes two different proteins.
More protein diversity. There are only about 23 000 genes in the human genome, but we make more than 2 million proteins. One of the ways this occurs is by alternative splicing of genes depending on which cell type you are.
For example, Cell 1 might use exons 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 in making a protein, while Cell 2 might transcribe exons 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 instead. This uses one gene, but makes two different proteins.
How do you calculate base pair percentages in DNA molecules?
I have a DNA molecule with 20% adenine. I am asked what the percentage for guanine is. The answer is 30%, but I do not know how to arrive at the answer.How do you calculate base pair percentages in DNA molecules?
You know that A = T, so T must also be 20%. That leaves 60% to be G and C. Since G = C, each one must be 30%.
You know that A = T, so T must also be 20%. That leaves 60% to be G and C. Since G = C, each one must be 30%.
What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
It is broad casted on Fox or some channel and some couple having doubts for the baby they undergo DNA testing to know who is the real father etc. Please let me know. Thanks.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Maury!!
There are many drama/reality shows that reveal rather a man is the father of a child based on DNA testing. but the one you might be thinking of depends on what other content exists within the show. if the show you recall involves fighting it is most likely Jerry Springer or the Steve Wilkins show. however if it was some fighting but more of a calm environment it is most likely Maury.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Jeremy kyle.
maury
jerry springer:/ :) theres. few
JerryWhat is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
"Maury" also does this, although they are not on the Fox network.
Maury!!
There are many drama/reality shows that reveal rather a man is the father of a child based on DNA testing. but the one you might be thinking of depends on what other content exists within the show. if the show you recall involves fighting it is most likely Jerry Springer or the Steve Wilkins show. however if it was some fighting but more of a calm environment it is most likely Maury.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Jeremy kyle.
maury
jerry springer:/ :) theres. few
JerryWhat is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
"Maury" also does this, although they are not on the Fox network.
How to dna test a persons family that is not willing?
I just found out my father passed in 89. I was born in 84. I'm now twenty six...My family is just now telling me, my real father committed suicide. The decease's mother is 87, she is saying why bother, leave it be. If i had a good father that was good to me ...I wouldn't bother. But I don't ..I need answers. So I know. So I need to dna test them. What should I do if there not willing?How to dna test a persons family that is not willing?
If they don't want to know then there is nothing you can do about it.gas mileage calculator age of the dragon
If they don't want to know then there is nothing you can do about it.
Visibility of DNA during cell cycle, why visible and other times not?
During the cell cycle, sometimes our DNA is visible in the form of chromosome and at other times, it is not visible. Why does it alternate in form like this? What is going on when it is visible and when it is invisible?Visibility of DNA during cell cycle, why visible and other times not?
When the cell is getting ready to divide into two cells, it needs a complete copy of the DNA in each new cell. So the DNA is copied. Then the DNA is put in compact structures so that it can be efficiently and correctly divided between the two cells. Think of copying all the files in a dentist office - if you copied them all and then divided them up into boxes, it would be much easier to divide them between two new offices than if you just had papers strewn all over the place. A chromosome is the same idea - a compact structure that can be easily moved and accounted for.
When the cell is getting ready to divide into two cells, it needs a complete copy of the DNA in each new cell. So the DNA is copied. Then the DNA is put in compact structures so that it can be efficiently and correctly divided between the two cells. Think of copying all the files in a dentist office - if you copied them all and then divided them up into boxes, it would be much easier to divide them between two new offices than if you just had papers strewn all over the place. A chromosome is the same idea - a compact structure that can be easily moved and accounted for.
If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid sequence?If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
changing an A to T in your sequence may or may not alter the amino acid produced, dending on the reading frame. Some questions i have though: There are no start codons (ATG) in your stretch of DNA so would like just this stretch translated? And if you'd like to translate from the beginning of this stretch, how come you only list 11 nucleotides rather than 12 (3 nucleotides per codon = 4 codons). Examples like that usually require visually scanning the sequence for a potential start codon.
some things that may help you though: an A to T mutation is less deleterious than an A to G mutation, for example, because the number of hydrogen bonds between these nucleotides is retained and melting temp. etc. are retained as well. This referrs to "transition" mutations.
also, if the mutation is in the FIRST position of the nucleotide it is almost always "silent"- refer to your genetic code table for this, but the amino acid that results from CCT is the same as GCT, as an example. Second and Third position mutations are often more harmful because they tend to change the amino acid produced. I cannot say which position this A to T change is, however, because i'm not sure of your reading frame, but hope these points will help.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
The amino acid sequence will be corrupted because of the change on the 8th (A instead of T). Then the protein will not be produced.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
Alan V is correct--it depends on the reading frame.
If your reading frame is this: ATC GAC TAG CT, then changing the TAG to TTG will change the encoded amino acid to leucine (TTG) from a stop codon (TAG) and your protein would keep being translated after it should have stopped.
If your reading frame is this: A TCG ACT AGC T, then you will again have an amino acid change to TGC (cysteine) from AGC (serine).
If your reading frame is this: AT CGA CTA GCT, the change from CTA to CTT will have no effect on the amino acid sequence because both CTA and CTT encode leucine.
You can do a google search for "amino acid codons" and get the codes for all the amino acids.
changing an A to T in your sequence may or may not alter the amino acid produced, dending on the reading frame. Some questions i have though: There are no start codons (ATG) in your stretch of DNA so would like just this stretch translated? And if you'd like to translate from the beginning of this stretch, how come you only list 11 nucleotides rather than 12 (3 nucleotides per codon = 4 codons). Examples like that usually require visually scanning the sequence for a potential start codon.
some things that may help you though: an A to T mutation is less deleterious than an A to G mutation, for example, because the number of hydrogen bonds between these nucleotides is retained and melting temp. etc. are retained as well. This referrs to "transition" mutations.
also, if the mutation is in the FIRST position of the nucleotide it is almost always "silent"- refer to your genetic code table for this, but the amino acid that results from CCT is the same as GCT, as an example. Second and Third position mutations are often more harmful because they tend to change the amino acid produced. I cannot say which position this A to T change is, however, because i'm not sure of your reading frame, but hope these points will help.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
The amino acid sequence will be corrupted because of the change on the 8th (A instead of T). Then the protein will not be produced.If a DNA nucleotide sequence is changed from ATCGACTAGCT to ATCGACTTGCT, what would happen to the amino acid?
Alan V is correct--it depends on the reading frame.
If your reading frame is this: ATC GAC TAG CT, then changing the TAG to TTG will change the encoded amino acid to leucine (TTG) from a stop codon (TAG) and your protein would keep being translated after it should have stopped.
If your reading frame is this: A TCG ACT AGC T, then you will again have an amino acid change to TGC (cysteine) from AGC (serine).
If your reading frame is this: AT CGA CTA GCT, the change from CTA to CTT will have no effect on the amino acid sequence because both CTA and CTT encode leucine.
You can do a google search for "amino acid codons" and get the codes for all the amino acids.
What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
I just want to know the way in which Adenine and Guanine attach themselves to the Pentose sugar in the DNA.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Pentose is a 5-carbon sugar. Consider a pentagon whose apex is oxygen atom. From this O- atom in a clockwise direction there are 4 carbon atoms, namely, 1', 2', 3' and 4' at each of four other vertices. The 5th carbon atom is attached to 4' - carbon as -CH2OH group. The other valency of this 4' - carbon is satisfied with one -H atom. The rest of the three carbon atoms should contain one -H atom and one -OH group, except the 2' - caron, whose -OH group is dehydrogenated to -H group. That is why DNA is deoxyribose.
In DNA molecule phosphate groups are attached in between two ribose monomers. Thus, each ribose molecule is attached to two phosphate groups- one at 3' carbon, another at 5' carbon. Two strands of DNA are complimentary and if one starts like 3' - 5' -3' ----------3' - 5', then another will be 5' - 3' - 5' ------ 5' - 3'. During replication one strand moves along 5' - 3' and the other along 3' to 5'. The steps of DNA double-helix ladder are made of bases. One base attaches to each ribose unit on both linear sugar-phosphate chains of two strands at the 2' - carbon atom and the complimentary base (A-T and G-C)of other strand attaches to the former through hydrogen bonding.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Purines bond to the C1' of the sugar at their N9 atoms - Guanine and Adenine.
Pyrimidines bond to the sugar C1' atom at their N1 atoms -
Pentose is a 5-carbon sugar. Consider a pentagon whose apex is oxygen atom. From this O- atom in a clockwise direction there are 4 carbon atoms, namely, 1', 2', 3' and 4' at each of four other vertices. The 5th carbon atom is attached to 4' - carbon as -CH2OH group. The other valency of this 4' - carbon is satisfied with one -H atom. The rest of the three carbon atoms should contain one -H atom and one -OH group, except the 2' - caron, whose -OH group is dehydrogenated to -H group. That is why DNA is deoxyribose.
In DNA molecule phosphate groups are attached in between two ribose monomers. Thus, each ribose molecule is attached to two phosphate groups- one at 3' carbon, another at 5' carbon. Two strands of DNA are complimentary and if one starts like 3' - 5' -3' ----------3' - 5', then another will be 5' - 3' - 5' ------ 5' - 3'. During replication one strand moves along 5' - 3' and the other along 3' to 5'. The steps of DNA double-helix ladder are made of bases. One base attaches to each ribose unit on both linear sugar-phosphate chains of two strands at the 2' - carbon atom and the complimentary base (A-T and G-C)of other strand attaches to the former through hydrogen bonding.What is the structure of Pentose sugar in DNA and how does it attach with adenine and guanine? Thnx in advance?
Purines bond to the C1' of the sugar at their N9 atoms - Guanine and Adenine.
Pyrimidines bond to the sugar C1' atom at their N1 atoms -
What is the evolutionary advantage of introns in dna?
I understand what an intron is, but I don't actually understand what the point is of a dna sequence containing them. Why even bother wasting the time and energy to transcribe such a thing if it's not going to be used? How could this even confer an advantage to the cell?What is the evolutionary advantage of introns in dna?
More protein diversity. There are only about 23 000 genes in the human genome, but we make more than 2 million proteins. One of the ways this occurs is by alternative splicing of genes depending on which cell type you are.
For example, Cell 1 might use exons 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 in making a protein, while Cell 2 might transcribe exons 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 instead. This uses one gene, but makes two different proteins.
More protein diversity. There are only about 23 000 genes in the human genome, but we make more than 2 million proteins. One of the ways this occurs is by alternative splicing of genes depending on which cell type you are.
For example, Cell 1 might use exons 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 in making a protein, while Cell 2 might transcribe exons 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 instead. This uses one gene, but makes two different proteins.
How do you calculate base pair percentages in DNA molecules?
I have a DNA molecule with 20% adenine. I am asked what the percentage for guanine is. The answer is 30%, but I do not know how to arrive at the answer.How do you calculate base pair percentages in DNA molecules?
You know that A = T, so T must also be 20%. That leaves 60% to be G and C. Since G = C, each one must be 30%.spongebob games online sea doo
You know that A = T, so T must also be 20%. That leaves 60% to be G and C. Since G = C, each one must be 30%.
What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
It is broad casted on Fox or some channel and some couple having doubts for the baby they undergo DNA testing to know who is the real father etc. Please let me know. Thanks.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Maury!!
There are many drama/reality shows that reveal rather a man is the father of a child based on DNA testing. but the one you might be thinking of depends on what other content exists within the show. if the show you recall involves fighting it is most likely Jerry Springer or the Steve Wilkins show. however if it was some fighting but more of a calm environment it is most likely Maury.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Jeremy kyle.
maury
jerry springer:/ :) theres. few
JerryWhat is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
"Maury" also does this, although they are not on the Fox network.
Maury!!
There are many drama/reality shows that reveal rather a man is the father of a child based on DNA testing. but the one you might be thinking of depends on what other content exists within the show. if the show you recall involves fighting it is most likely Jerry Springer or the Steve Wilkins show. however if it was some fighting but more of a calm environment it is most likely Maury.What is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
Jeremy kyle.
maury
jerry springer:/ :) theres. few
JerryWhat is the name of show which shows the identity of real father by DNA testing?
"Maury" also does this, although they are not on the Fox network.
What is the only organelle that directly encounters DNA?
According to the AP practice Biology Exam, there apparantly is only one organelle that will directly encounter the DNA of the organism. Which is the correct organelle?What is the only organelle that directly encounters DNA?
Hmmmm... not sure if that exam question is correct. Poorly worded question. Penalizes someone with too much information.
So let's see.... an organelle....
guess the nucleus is considered an organelle... it has DNA inside of it.
However, there is another organelle that has it's own DNA, and that is the mitochondria
and Chloroplasts also have their own DNA.
http://users.ugent.be/~avierstr/principl鈥?/a>
what does it mean to "encounter"??What is the only organelle that directly encounters DNA?
The nucleus
Hmmmm... not sure if that exam question is correct. Poorly worded question. Penalizes someone with too much information.
So let's see.... an organelle....
guess the nucleus is considered an organelle... it has DNA inside of it.
However, there is another organelle that has it's own DNA, and that is the mitochondria
and Chloroplasts also have their own DNA.
http://users.ugent.be/~avierstr/principl鈥?/a>
what does it mean to "encounter"??What is the only organelle that directly encounters DNA?
The nucleus
What is the name of the small fragments created on the lagging strand of DNA?
What is the name of the small fragments created on the lagging strand of DNA?What is the name of the small fragments created on the lagging strand of DNA?
They are called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are joined to form a single DNA strand by DNA ligase.What is the name of the small fragments created on the lagging strand of DNA?
Okazaki fragments
They are called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are joined to form a single DNA strand by DNA ligase.What is the name of the small fragments created on the lagging strand of DNA?
Okazaki fragments
What is the best method for extract DNA from gel electrophoresis?
first, to extract DNA from soil sample by using Bead and Vortex Method. then purified DNA from humic substance with gel electrophoresis.finally, to extract DNA from gel electrophoresis.What is the best method for extract DNA from gel electrophoresis?
I don't know.What is the best method for extract DNA from gel electrophoresis?
I do not know much about this topic beyond the general method of Southern blotting, but I found a site that may be useful. Some of the links are broken at the top of the secion Removing the DNA from the gel, but most of them work.
Here is a link to some various methods:
http://www.ebioinfogen.com/dnaextraction鈥?/a>
I don't know.What is the best method for extract DNA from gel electrophoresis?
I do not know much about this topic beyond the general method of Southern blotting, but I found a site that may be useful. Some of the links are broken at the top of the secion Removing the DNA from the gel, but most of them work.
Here is a link to some various methods:
http://www.ebioinfogen.com/dnaextraction鈥?/a>
What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
A Gene is made up of one DNA molecule. DNA contains a code- provided by its bases- ATCG. This code is read by other cellular machinery and converted into RNA. The RNA is then read by another type of different machinery and converted to protein. So the relationship is direct, a gene (DNA) gets converted to protein. Proteins are the building blocks and active players in our cells, which make up our bodies. Everything depends on your proteins, and hence, on your genes.
A gene, a part of a DNA molecule, contains the code that determines how a particular protein is put together.What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
A DNA molecule is the 'raw' product with the code...it has lots of genes in its whole molecular stucture., Genes are 'groups' of bases which code for a particular protein.
So you would have the X protein Gene on DNA, which is coverted via transcription to mRNA then.....translation via ribosomes which make the protein X from amino acids via peptide bonds.
Genes are what the DNA molecule is divided into and from there the genes code for specific amino acids to make for the cell which are then made into proteins.What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
Proteins make genes, and genes make up your DNA.quizno what is music
A Gene is made up of one DNA molecule. DNA contains a code- provided by its bases- ATCG. This code is read by other cellular machinery and converted into RNA. The RNA is then read by another type of different machinery and converted to protein. So the relationship is direct, a gene (DNA) gets converted to protein. Proteins are the building blocks and active players in our cells, which make up our bodies. Everything depends on your proteins, and hence, on your genes.
A gene, a part of a DNA molecule, contains the code that determines how a particular protein is put together.What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
A DNA molecule is the 'raw' product with the code...it has lots of genes in its whole molecular stucture., Genes are 'groups' of bases which code for a particular protein.
So you would have the X protein Gene on DNA, which is coverted via transcription to mRNA then.....translation via ribosomes which make the protein X from amino acids via peptide bonds.
Genes are what the DNA molecule is divided into and from there the genes code for specific amino acids to make for the cell which are then made into proteins.What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule and a protein?
Proteins make genes, and genes make up your DNA.
What is the difference between rna and dna?
1.Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and mRNA.
2.Explain the process of transcription. Begin with the DNA ladder having two sides to it and end with the arrival at the ribosome.
3.If the DNA molecule that is being transcribed has 15 adenines, 30 thymines, 25 cytosines and 32 guanines what are the complementary bases and quantities on the mRNA?What is the difference between rna and dna?
Very creative! Let someone else do your homework!What is the difference between rna and dna?
hey good questions where did u get them???
oh wait i kno! u got them from you virtual instructional program! i kno cause i juss finished answering the EXACT same questions! lol wow do sum research! just to help u out i used wikipedia! they r cool i never failed an assignment when i use dat website!What is the difference between rna and dna?
1- about the structure :
* DNA is double strand while RNA is single strand
* RNA contain Uracil nitrogen base instead of thymine in DNA
3- I think ,,
15 Uracil 30 Adenines 25guanins 32 cytosine
2.Explain the process of transcription. Begin with the DNA ladder having two sides to it and end with the arrival at the ribosome.
3.If the DNA molecule that is being transcribed has 15 adenines, 30 thymines, 25 cytosines and 32 guanines what are the complementary bases and quantities on the mRNA?What is the difference between rna and dna?
Very creative! Let someone else do your homework!What is the difference between rna and dna?
hey good questions where did u get them???
oh wait i kno! u got them from you virtual instructional program! i kno cause i juss finished answering the EXACT same questions! lol wow do sum research! just to help u out i used wikipedia! they r cool i never failed an assignment when i use dat website!What is the difference between rna and dna?
1- about the structure :
* DNA is double strand while RNA is single strand
* RNA contain Uracil nitrogen base instead of thymine in DNA
3- I think ,,
15 Uracil 30 Adenines 25guanins 32 cytosine
What is the benefit of cells suspension in DNA seperation protocol?
I read a biology article describing protocol for seperating DNA using electrophoresis method such as PAGE and PFGE-CHEF.
They mentioned "cell suspension" more than once, but I couldn't understand what that means.
Does it mean killing the cells? causing them lysis?
Or does it mean just stopping them from moving?
And why is it important to do it?
Thanks.What is the benefit of cells suspension in DNA seperation protocol?
Yeah, you have to lyse the cells, and to get good lysis you want to have the cells well suspended. That way when you extract the DNA each cell is well exposed to the chemical treatment you use. You would not want the cells in a pellet at the bottom of a tube and to just treat the top layer of cells.
And why lyse them? Because if you want to run the DNA on a gel then it has to be purified. That means getting rid of the proteins and lipids and all the other stuff. BTW, you can use different kinds of treatments on cells and extract just proteins, or lipids or DNA. It just depends on the kind of treatment that you use.
They mentioned "cell suspension" more than once, but I couldn't understand what that means.
Does it mean killing the cells? causing them lysis?
Or does it mean just stopping them from moving?
And why is it important to do it?
Thanks.What is the benefit of cells suspension in DNA seperation protocol?
Yeah, you have to lyse the cells, and to get good lysis you want to have the cells well suspended. That way when you extract the DNA each cell is well exposed to the chemical treatment you use. You would not want the cells in a pellet at the bottom of a tube and to just treat the top layer of cells.
And why lyse them? Because if you want to run the DNA on a gel then it has to be purified. That means getting rid of the proteins and lipids and all the other stuff. BTW, you can use different kinds of treatments on cells and extract just proteins, or lipids or DNA. It just depends on the kind of treatment that you use.
What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
What cell do you think is easier to extract more DNA from, plant or animal cell and why?What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
This would depend on the cell, but plant cells in general contain a larger number of chromosomes (up to 100) as compared to the animal cell. Provided that the yield of extraction is the same, a plant cell could principally give more DNA content.What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
It's easier to get the DNA out of animal cells because you don't have to
break through a cell wall to get at the nucleus.
With plant cells you have to do some cellulose-dissolving step first,
which makes the whole process more complicated.What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
Animal cells
This would depend on the cell, but plant cells in general contain a larger number of chromosomes (up to 100) as compared to the animal cell. Provided that the yield of extraction is the same, a plant cell could principally give more DNA content.What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
It's easier to get the DNA out of animal cells because you don't have to
break through a cell wall to get at the nucleus.
With plant cells you have to do some cellulose-dissolving step first,
which makes the whole process more complicated.What do you think will extract more DNA plant or animal cell?
Animal cells
What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
I have SPORE for the computer and I am on the creature stage. I am a carnivore and I am really wanting to evolve to the tribe stage. Does anyone know what the fastest or easiest way to get dna points would be?What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
Kill all creatures in your way. And to get DNA for the creator, hold ctrl shift and c untill a somewhat transparent window opens up. Then type adddna and you will get DNA. The same thing works in the city and space stages but replace DNA with money.What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
Being a carnivore, your best bet is killing all sorts of species. Now here's a more in-depth guide:
-Try not to fight alone. Remember to have a pack of creatures with you; your best bet is your own species. (Of course, in the early Creature Stage, this is irrelevant until you can add creatures to your pack)
-Try to attack one creature at a time. The entire pack will be alerted and start attacking you if you fight a group.
-Finish them off. You get a bonus for actually making the entire species extinct.
Remember to constantly upgrade your weapons and health, and ignore flight/sneak abilities.What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
be both aggressiveand defencive, ally strong looking creatures and kill creatures you can't befiend and that look weak
Kill all creatures in your way. And to get DNA for the creator, hold ctrl shift and c untill a somewhat transparent window opens up. Then type adddna and you will get DNA. The same thing works in the city and space stages but replace DNA with money.What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
Being a carnivore, your best bet is killing all sorts of species. Now here's a more in-depth guide:
-Try not to fight alone. Remember to have a pack of creatures with you; your best bet is your own species. (Of course, in the early Creature Stage, this is irrelevant until you can add creatures to your pack)
-Try to attack one creature at a time. The entire pack will be alerted and start attacking you if you fight a group.
-Finish them off. You get a bonus for actually making the entire species extinct.
Remember to constantly upgrade your weapons and health, and ignore flight/sneak abilities.What is the easiest way to get DNA in Spore?
be both aggressiveand defencive, ally strong looking creatures and kill creatures you can't befiend and that look weak
What happens when you mix hydrochloric acid with DNA?
I already know how to extract the DNA from a fruit (strawberry, banana) and I want to know what happens when you mix HCl with the DNA in a centrifuge? My guess would be that the bases (A, T, G, C) would be destroyed, is that right? Also, would the hydrogen bonds be destroyed as well, or not, and what about the phosphate backbone? Is there anything out there that can destroy DNA, every single part of DNA?What happens when you mix hydrochloric acid with DNA?
Acid catalyzes a number of organic reactions, so it's difficult to say exactly what it would do to DNA aside from denature it in some way; there would be many competing reactions taking place. However, we can probably make some reasonable predictions.
The nitrogenous bases probably wouldn't be affected too much. The acid would protonate them (they are bases, after all, and can accept protons), but that might be the extent of it. The bases are actually very stable due to their aromaticity and geometry. At most, they'll probably just tautomerize, shifting their double bonds and hydrogen atoms around. I doubt that acid alone would be enough to destroy them completely. You may cleave the bonds holding the nitrogenous bases to the deoxyribose sugars, as these are sensitive to strong acid, but the bases themselves would remain intact.
Hydrogen bonding would indeed be affected. Either protonation or tautomerization of the bases would be enough to reconfigure their hydrogen bonding patterns and reduce the affinity of the DNA strands for one another. The DNA would still be soluble, but the hydrogen bonding responsible for holding the strands together would probably come undone.
Acid would probably hydrolyze the phospodiester backbond of the DNA, as well. Normal organic esters are sensitive to acid hydrolysis, so it stands to reason that phosphoesters behave similarly.
Ultimately, acid wouldn't completely destroy DNA, but it would mess it up significantly and irreparably. To completely obliterate it in a laboratory, you would need very high temperatures to essentially burn it up into simple compounds. Alternatively, you could just use the enzymatic machinery of other living cells; they break down polynucleotide chains all the time.What happens when you mix hydrochloric acid with DNA?
Although DNA is an acid (nucleic acid), it is known to hydrolyze in strong acids. This removes the bases from the DNA's sugar phosphate backbone. The backbone remains intact as an aldehyde. The now free bases could still form hydrogen bonds with each other, but they are no longer attached to the backbone.
This is the basis for using the Schiff's reagent in cell staining to stain DNA.happys pizza pontoon boats
Acid catalyzes a number of organic reactions, so it's difficult to say exactly what it would do to DNA aside from denature it in some way; there would be many competing reactions taking place. However, we can probably make some reasonable predictions.
The nitrogenous bases probably wouldn't be affected too much. The acid would protonate them (they are bases, after all, and can accept protons), but that might be the extent of it. The bases are actually very stable due to their aromaticity and geometry. At most, they'll probably just tautomerize, shifting their double bonds and hydrogen atoms around. I doubt that acid alone would be enough to destroy them completely. You may cleave the bonds holding the nitrogenous bases to the deoxyribose sugars, as these are sensitive to strong acid, but the bases themselves would remain intact.
Hydrogen bonding would indeed be affected. Either protonation or tautomerization of the bases would be enough to reconfigure their hydrogen bonding patterns and reduce the affinity of the DNA strands for one another. The DNA would still be soluble, but the hydrogen bonding responsible for holding the strands together would probably come undone.
Acid would probably hydrolyze the phospodiester backbond of the DNA, as well. Normal organic esters are sensitive to acid hydrolysis, so it stands to reason that phosphoesters behave similarly.
Ultimately, acid wouldn't completely destroy DNA, but it would mess it up significantly and irreparably. To completely obliterate it in a laboratory, you would need very high temperatures to essentially burn it up into simple compounds. Alternatively, you could just use the enzymatic machinery of other living cells; they break down polynucleotide chains all the time.What happens when you mix hydrochloric acid with DNA?
Although DNA is an acid (nucleic acid), it is known to hydrolyze in strong acids. This removes the bases from the DNA's sugar phosphate backbone. The backbone remains intact as an aldehyde. The now free bases could still form hydrogen bonds with each other, but they are no longer attached to the backbone.
This is the basis for using the Schiff's reagent in cell staining to stain DNA.
Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Why is it important to use cDNA in making recombinant DNA from a mammal to be expressed in a bacterial culture?
Why is it important to use cDNA in making recombinant DNA from a mammal to be expressed in a bacterial culture?
What is a DNA fingerprint and how is it obtained and used?
How is the p53 gene involved in healthy cells and how does this help us kill tumor cells?
Please help!Why is it important to use cDNA in making recombinant DNA from a mammal to be expressed in a bacterial culture?
You use cDNA as this is produced from the mRNA of the mammal. The mRNA has had all the introns spliced out of it, and this is important as bacteria do not splice and so if you just put in regular DNA the protein would not form right.
A DNA fingerprint is a unique way of identifying each persons DNA by looking at markers determined throughout the molecule. It can be used in paternity tests and for catching criminals
p53 is a tumour supressor and stops the uncontrolled divison of cells seen in tumours. in something crazy like 80% of cancer the p53 gene is mutated and so by cloning by complimentation it is possible to restore the p53 function and prevent the tumour from proliferating
What is a DNA fingerprint and how is it obtained and used?
How is the p53 gene involved in healthy cells and how does this help us kill tumor cells?
Please help!Why is it important to use cDNA in making recombinant DNA from a mammal to be expressed in a bacterial culture?
You use cDNA as this is produced from the mRNA of the mammal. The mRNA has had all the introns spliced out of it, and this is important as bacteria do not splice and so if you just put in regular DNA the protein would not form right.
A DNA fingerprint is a unique way of identifying each persons DNA by looking at markers determined throughout the molecule. It can be used in paternity tests and for catching criminals
p53 is a tumour supressor and stops the uncontrolled divison of cells seen in tumours. in something crazy like 80% of cancer the p53 gene is mutated and so by cloning by complimentation it is possible to restore the p53 function and prevent the tumour from proliferating
What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
A. DNA is transcribed into RNA.
B. DNA is translated into RNA.
C. DNA is complementary to RNA.
D. RNA is replicated from DNA.
E. RNA is transferred from DNA.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
A.
Dogma: DNA----%26gt; RNA-----%26gt;PROTEIN
Dna replication---%26gt; Transciption-----%26gt; Translation
Transcription: genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
Translation:synthesis of polypeptide chain from a segment of mRNAWhat is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
The main difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in a RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the same as ribose, except that the former has one more OH.
DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a tightly-associated pair of molecules. These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. This arrangement of DNA strands is called antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are referred to as the 5鈥?(five prime) and 3鈥?(three prime) ends. One of the major differences between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with 2-deoxyribose being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring.
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement.
Transcription can be explained easily in 4 or 5 steps, each moving like a wave along the DNA.
RNA Polymerase moves the transcription bubble, a stretch of unpaired nucleotides, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
RNA Polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides that are paired with complementary DNA bases.
RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase.
Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA is further processed (addition of a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap) and exits through to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.
Transcription is the first step leading to gene expression. The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, the result of transcription is messenger RNA (mRNA), which will then be used to create that protein via the process of translation. Alternatively, the transcribed gene may encode for either ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA), other components of the protein-assembly process, or other ribozymes.
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein contains not only the sequence that will eventually be directly translated into the protein (the coding sequence) but also regulatory sequences that direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before (upstream from) the coding sequence is called the five prime untranslated region (5'UTR), and the sequence following (downstream from) the coding sequence is called the three prime untranslated region (3'UTR).[citation needed]
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.
As in DNA replication, DNA is read from 3' 鈫?5' during transcription. Meanwhile, the complementary RNA is created from the 5' 鈫?3' direction. This means its 5' end is created first in base pairing. Although DNA is arranged as two antiparallel strands in a double helix, only one of the two DNA strands, called the template strand, is used for transcription. This is because RNA is only single-stranded, as opposed to double-stranded DNA. The other DNA strand is called the coding (lagging) strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). The use of only the 3' 鈫?5' strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments seen in DNA replication.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
It's complicated.
A. DNA is transcribed into RNA.
B. DNA is translated into RNA.
C. DNA is complementary to RNA.
D. RNA is replicated from DNA.
E. RNA is transferred from DNA.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
A.
Dogma: DNA----%26gt; RNA-----%26gt;PROTEIN
Dna replication---%26gt; Transciption-----%26gt; Translation
Transcription: genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
Translation:synthesis of polypeptide chain from a segment of mRNAWhat is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
The main difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in a RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the same as ribose, except that the former has one more OH.
DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a tightly-associated pair of molecules. These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. This arrangement of DNA strands is called antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are referred to as the 5鈥?(five prime) and 3鈥?(three prime) ends. One of the major differences between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with 2-deoxyribose being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring.
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement.
Transcription can be explained easily in 4 or 5 steps, each moving like a wave along the DNA.
RNA Polymerase moves the transcription bubble, a stretch of unpaired nucleotides, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
RNA Polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides that are paired with complementary DNA bases.
RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase.
Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA is further processed (addition of a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap) and exits through to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.
Transcription is the first step leading to gene expression. The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, the result of transcription is messenger RNA (mRNA), which will then be used to create that protein via the process of translation. Alternatively, the transcribed gene may encode for either ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA), other components of the protein-assembly process, or other ribozymes.
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein contains not only the sequence that will eventually be directly translated into the protein (the coding sequence) but also regulatory sequences that direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before (upstream from) the coding sequence is called the five prime untranslated region (5'UTR), and the sequence following (downstream from) the coding sequence is called the three prime untranslated region (3'UTR).[citation needed]
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.
As in DNA replication, DNA is read from 3' 鈫?5' during transcription. Meanwhile, the complementary RNA is created from the 5' 鈫?3' direction. This means its 5' end is created first in base pairing. Although DNA is arranged as two antiparallel strands in a double helix, only one of the two DNA strands, called the template strand, is used for transcription. This is because RNA is only single-stranded, as opposed to double-stranded DNA. The other DNA strand is called the coding (lagging) strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). The use of only the 3' 鈫?5' strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments seen in DNA replication.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
It's complicated.
What is the best clinic for a DNA test for family history purposes?
I want to have a DNA test to see where my early ancestors came from. I know there are lots on the internet,but far too many as with much on the net. I wondered if anyone into family history,in the UK if possible had,had any dealings with anyone and could reccomend them? and the cost too.please.What is the best clinic for a DNA test for family history purposes?
I will say www.familytreedna.com. They are the oldest such, have the largest database (hence more likely to be able to match others) and do the DNA testing for the National Geographics Genotype Program, which traces human migration patterns worldwide. Of course, some of the other companies have made break-throughs, as was the case of the Family Finder tests.
The biggest portion of my ancestry comes from the British Isles (B.I.). By saying B.I., I include ALL of the islands; U.K. excludes parts of Ireland and others. So, I can say it definitely works for the B.I., the Netherlands, Scandinavia, France, Spain...What is the best clinic for a DNA test for family history purposes?
Thanks for Best Answer!!!! :) Your reply re "British Isles" is why I use it: so Ireland, Isle of Mann %26amp; Channel Islands are included. Also, I have read that some of the North Sea islands are not part of the U.K....
There is no "best" company, but for a very simple Y-DNA test for early ancestors only, nothing about more recent ancestors, the National Geographic Genographic Project 鈥?tracing the path of human migration through genetic testing, is probably your best source. These tests are not designed for genealogical research. The cost is 拢71.94.
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.c鈥?/a>
.
The only one that I know of that has a good success rate would be www.ancestry.com or try www.rootsweb.com , I use these two websites often. It is much better if you have an account with ancestry.com so you get more info, but you can get some info without an account. they have a DNA project and If I am not mistaken, I think you can get info without an account for the DNA project, or have you tried just to google your last name and type in your last name and dna project? it could be there already possibly. Try different ways to type it if you don't see any links. Good luck.
I will say www.familytreedna.com. They are the oldest such, have the largest database (hence more likely to be able to match others) and do the DNA testing for the National Geographics Genotype Program, which traces human migration patterns worldwide. Of course, some of the other companies have made break-throughs, as was the case of the Family Finder tests.
The biggest portion of my ancestry comes from the British Isles (B.I.). By saying B.I., I include ALL of the islands; U.K. excludes parts of Ireland and others. So, I can say it definitely works for the B.I., the Netherlands, Scandinavia, France, Spain...What is the best clinic for a DNA test for family history purposes?
Thanks for Best Answer!!!! :) Your reply re "British Isles" is why I use it: so Ireland, Isle of Mann %26amp; Channel Islands are included. Also, I have read that some of the North Sea islands are not part of the U.K....
Report Abuse
What is the best clinic for a DNA test for family history purposes?There is no "best" company, but for a very simple Y-DNA test for early ancestors only, nothing about more recent ancestors, the National Geographic Genographic Project 鈥?tracing the path of human migration through genetic testing, is probably your best source. These tests are not designed for genealogical research. The cost is 拢71.94.
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.c鈥?/a>
.
The only one that I know of that has a good success rate would be www.ancestry.com or try www.rootsweb.com , I use these two websites often. It is much better if you have an account with ancestry.com so you get more info, but you can get some info without an account. they have a DNA project and If I am not mistaken, I think you can get info without an account for the DNA project, or have you tried just to google your last name and type in your last name and dna project? it could be there already possibly. Try different ways to type it if you don't see any links. Good luck.
Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
I want to do some population genetics research which usually need DNA sequences from more than one individual for one species. However, what I could found on the internet is just human examples and even that is hard to access fully (just SNPs).
I do not need whole genome data (and I know for any non-human animal usually only one of a species is sequences), but what about partial sequence or coding DNA or protein data?
Thank you very much!Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
here the database for searching SNP
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term=Ho…Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
If you're looking at humans, the HapMap project is attempting to do just this - measure and record all known variation in human genetics. They're at www.hapmap.org.Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
You might be able to find whole genome data from different strains of inbred mice, really, how else are you going to compare two different genomes if not through their SNPs?
I do not need whole genome data (and I know for any non-human animal usually only one of a species is sequences), but what about partial sequence or coding DNA or protein data?
Thank you very much!Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
here the database for searching SNP
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term=Ho…Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
If you're looking at humans, the HapMap project is attempting to do just this - measure and record all known variation in human genetics. They're at www.hapmap.org.Is there database for DNA variation between individual in animals?
You might be able to find whole genome data from different strains of inbred mice, really, how else are you going to compare two different genomes if not through their SNPs?
What is the nitrogen base held in DNA called?
This is on a study guide for my test on DNA and Genetics tomorrow. I can't find the answer in my text book.What is the nitrogen base held in DNA called?
There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. That, and a phosphate group make up the "backbone" that the bases connect to.What is the nitrogen base held in DNA called?
Deoxiribosisfood delivery kasich
There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. That, and a phosphate group make up the "backbone" that the bases connect to.What is the nitrogen base held in DNA called?
Deoxiribosis
What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
Bacterial DNA contains the instructions for making bacteria.
Human DNA contains the instructions for making humans.
It's impossible to get any more specific within the limits of the Answers system.
maybe something to do with amino acidsWhat is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
Just different genetic codes. Besides that everything on earth has the same DNA fundamental tools.
bacterial DNA consists of a circular chromosome that may be in single or multiple copies. Human DNA consists of 23 linear chromosomes, found in pairs in diploid cells. Human DNA contains introns and much of it is normally condensed. Human DNA is found enclosed in a nuclear envelope; bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm.What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
think of dna as a fingerprint. you are asking what is the diff between two totally diff things.
it is like asking what is the diff between a kitchen table and a sofa...they are both determined by the dna.
(although dna is in living things)
The difference is that bacterial DNA is not enclosed within a Membrane called the nuclear membrane (it is in the cytoplasm) whereas the nuclear membrane encloses the human DNA .This is simply because Bacteria is a PROKARYOTIC (LESS DEVELOPED) and contains only one chromosome cell whereas nearly all multicellular cells are EUKARYOTIC(HIGHLY DEVELOPED) and contain a higher number of chromosomes.
There is no difference between DNA in humans and bacteria but there are differences between genes and genomes of these organisms a few of which have been pointed out by some.
Bacterial DNA contains the instructions for making bacteria.
Human DNA contains the instructions for making humans.
It's impossible to get any more specific within the limits of the Answers system.
maybe something to do with amino acidsWhat is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
Just different genetic codes. Besides that everything on earth has the same DNA fundamental tools.
bacterial DNA consists of a circular chromosome that may be in single or multiple copies. Human DNA consists of 23 linear chromosomes, found in pairs in diploid cells. Human DNA contains introns and much of it is normally condensed. Human DNA is found enclosed in a nuclear envelope; bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm.What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human DNA?
think of dna as a fingerprint. you are asking what is the diff between two totally diff things.
it is like asking what is the diff between a kitchen table and a sofa...they are both determined by the dna.
(although dna is in living things)
The difference is that bacterial DNA is not enclosed within a Membrane called the nuclear membrane (it is in the cytoplasm) whereas the nuclear membrane encloses the human DNA .This is simply because Bacteria is a PROKARYOTIC (LESS DEVELOPED) and contains only one chromosome cell whereas nearly all multicellular cells are EUKARYOTIC(HIGHLY DEVELOPED) and contain a higher number of chromosomes.
There is no difference between DNA in humans and bacteria but there are differences between genes and genomes of these organisms a few of which have been pointed out by some.
What is the difference between blood type and dna?
I am trying to figure out of 2 men i had sex with which is the father of my child. My child is B+ I am O- and one of the men he is A+, is it possible that he is the father. I called the dna lab and they said that blood type and dna are 2 different things that they use that in the old days when dna test were not around so my thing is if it was good back then why not today. Can some one help me in the difference between blood type and dna.What is the difference between blood type and dna?
DNA is the specific genetic code that makes you who you are. Your DNA is specific to you, and no one else.
Blood type refers to the antigens that are present in your blood- there are four basic blood types- A, B, O and AB. Everyone has one of these four blood types.
You can disprove paternity with blood type, but you cannot prove it. In other words, you can say it is not possible for someone to be the father, but not that one specific person is definitely the father. That is why DNA is now used- it removes all guesswork.
DNA is the specific genetic code that makes you who you are. Your DNA is specific to you, and no one else.
Blood type refers to the antigens that are present in your blood- there are four basic blood types- A, B, O and AB. Everyone has one of these four blood types.
You can disprove paternity with blood type, but you cannot prove it. In other words, you can say it is not possible for someone to be the father, but not that one specific person is definitely the father. That is why DNA is now used- it removes all guesswork.
What chemical functionality of DNA bases are exploited in their use or action?
DNA bases are cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine (abbreviated as C, G, A and T)
I am supposed to answer the above question about these four DNA bases but I am not sure what is the question asking of me and how can I answer it and from where should I get the information for my answer.
Can anyone please help me to at least tell men what the question is asking from me???
Urgent
Thank you in advanceWhat chemical functionality of DNA bases are exploited in their use or action?
adenine and guanine and purines and the other ones are pyrimidines as a result they pair due to a different number of hydrogen bonds between the two look up pictures and you'll see so because of these properties scientists are able to do chemistry on the dna start there and keep going
I am supposed to answer the above question about these four DNA bases but I am not sure what is the question asking of me and how can I answer it and from where should I get the information for my answer.
Can anyone please help me to at least tell men what the question is asking from me???
Urgent
Thank you in advanceWhat chemical functionality of DNA bases are exploited in their use or action?
adenine and guanine and purines and the other ones are pyrimidines as a result they pair due to a different number of hydrogen bonds between the two look up pictures and you'll see so because of these properties scientists are able to do chemistry on the dna start there and keep going
How do Haplogroups work and Maternal DNA?
For example from my maternal line, would my haplogroup be my Mom's or a combination of My mom and her Dad?
Also the DNA from my mom is it strictly hers and what was passed down through the mothers or does the husbands DNA get mixed in there at all.
I thought I understood the DNA but the replies you guys have gave me in my other questions had my thinking all wrong.
Thanks again for all the very informative information and how to go about my research in a logical manner.How do Haplogroups work and Maternal DNA?
Well, this is well beyond what can be described in this forum. You might get some top level description, but it is exceptionally complicated....one of the things that the ancestral DNA testing places bank on.
While haplogroups (markers) can be determined, what they mean is another story. In the REAL world of genetics, it is constantly evolving and in that world, it is recognized that to say that some historic population had a specific haplogroup, without direct and significant DNA examination of "remains" from that group, is quite simply reverse engineering. Not exact at all (which leads to terms such as "more likely").
So the meaning of any DNA testing is really based on whatever database (and update of that database) the specific testing site uses - and what "discoveries" have been made in the last month.
So if you absolutely want to know your ancestry, make sure you only get ONE test done. Then you will know for sure. But if you dare to get two or more done, you will never know for sure because they will in many cases have different results and interpretations. Even if you don't consider the 300 "uncontrolled points" where contamination can occur, lack of quality control in doing in one day the number of analyses that the top of the line labs do forensically in a year, or just that the minimum wage person put the wrong identifier number on the sample right after they made sure the check cleared.
Sort of like time....a man with one watch always knows what time it is...a man with two watches is never sure.
There has never been any independent validation of the accuracies of any ancestral DNA testing. Though the ancestral DNA testing sites sure act like there has been.How do Haplogroups work and Maternal DNA?
The basic form of the genetics testing is done on the male Y chromosome. This is passed intact from father to son. The mother's DNA doesn't enter into it. This is the method most widely used right now. The MTDNA test is using the DNA found in organelles in the cells. The mitochrondia, this organelle burns the sugar and provides energy to the cell. This part of the cell is part of the mother's contribution to your make up and is a part of the orginal egg cell. Thus it is passed intact from mother to daughter/son. The father's DNA wouldn't as a result be involved in this portion of the cell at all. This part of the DNA test isn't as well studied and in fact is not as well known. Bascially all they are able to do at the present is figure out geological orgins of the mother at the present time. This test is also much more expensive than the YDNA study.
Also the DNA from my mom is it strictly hers and what was passed down through the mothers or does the husbands DNA get mixed in there at all.
I thought I understood the DNA but the replies you guys have gave me in my other questions had my thinking all wrong.
Thanks again for all the very informative information and how to go about my research in a logical manner.How do Haplogroups work and Maternal DNA?
Well, this is well beyond what can be described in this forum. You might get some top level description, but it is exceptionally complicated....one of the things that the ancestral DNA testing places bank on.
While haplogroups (markers) can be determined, what they mean is another story. In the REAL world of genetics, it is constantly evolving and in that world, it is recognized that to say that some historic population had a specific haplogroup, without direct and significant DNA examination of "remains" from that group, is quite simply reverse engineering. Not exact at all (which leads to terms such as "more likely").
So the meaning of any DNA testing is really based on whatever database (and update of that database) the specific testing site uses - and what "discoveries" have been made in the last month.
So if you absolutely want to know your ancestry, make sure you only get ONE test done. Then you will know for sure. But if you dare to get two or more done, you will never know for sure because they will in many cases have different results and interpretations. Even if you don't consider the 300 "uncontrolled points" where contamination can occur, lack of quality control in doing in one day the number of analyses that the top of the line labs do forensically in a year, or just that the minimum wage person put the wrong identifier number on the sample right after they made sure the check cleared.
Sort of like time....a man with one watch always knows what time it is...a man with two watches is never sure.
There has never been any independent validation of the accuracies of any ancestral DNA testing. Though the ancestral DNA testing sites sure act like there has been.How do Haplogroups work and Maternal DNA?
The basic form of the genetics testing is done on the male Y chromosome. This is passed intact from father to son. The mother's DNA doesn't enter into it. This is the method most widely used right now. The MTDNA test is using the DNA found in organelles in the cells. The mitochrondia, this organelle burns the sugar and provides energy to the cell. This part of the cell is part of the mother's contribution to your make up and is a part of the orginal egg cell. Thus it is passed intact from mother to daughter/son. The father's DNA wouldn't as a result be involved in this portion of the cell at all. This part of the DNA test isn't as well studied and in fact is not as well known. Bascially all they are able to do at the present is figure out geological orgins of the mother at the present time. This test is also much more expensive than the YDNA study.
What is one circular DNA as opposed to two circular DNA?
Why does bacteria contain circular DNA? What makes the ends of the DNA join together?
If you think of the DNA molecule as a ladder, does one circular DNA means that there is one half of the ladder there, or does it mean that there is one ladder, and that two circular dna means there are two ladders in the circle??? :-) Hope my analogy isn't too confusing!What is one circular DNA as opposed to two circular DNA?
Bacteria can have circular chromosomes. It's not one strand of DNA forming a circle, but looped DNA strands wrapped around proteins which form a circular chromosome.mexican food game of thrones book
If you think of the DNA molecule as a ladder, does one circular DNA means that there is one half of the ladder there, or does it mean that there is one ladder, and that two circular dna means there are two ladders in the circle??? :-) Hope my analogy isn't too confusing!What is one circular DNA as opposed to two circular DNA?
Bacteria can have circular chromosomes. It's not one strand of DNA forming a circle, but looped DNA strands wrapped around proteins which form a circular chromosome.
What category is DNA Computer in Science Fair?
What category would DNA computer fall into? Is it even classified? And if u know any topics that have to do with DNA computers What are they?What category is DNA Computer in Science Fair?
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. R%26amp;D in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing.
DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once.
For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of computational complexity theory, the study of which computational problems are difficult to solve. For example, problems which grow exponentially with the size of the problem on von Neumann machines still grow exponentially with the size of the problem on DNA machines. For very large EXPSPACE problems, the amount of DNA required is too large to be practical.
DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, DNA nanotechnology. The latter uses the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing and other DNA properties to make novel structures out of DNA. These structures can be used for DNA computing, but they do not have to be. Additionally, DNA computing can be done without using the types of molecules made possible by DNA nanotechnology.
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. R%26amp;D in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing.
DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once.
For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of computational complexity theory, the study of which computational problems are difficult to solve. For example, problems which grow exponentially with the size of the problem on von Neumann machines still grow exponentially with the size of the problem on DNA machines. For very large EXPSPACE problems, the amount of DNA required is too large to be practical.
DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, DNA nanotechnology. The latter uses the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing and other DNA properties to make novel structures out of DNA. These structures can be used for DNA computing, but they do not have to be. Additionally, DNA computing can be done without using the types of molecules made possible by DNA nanotechnology.
What should i use for my Dna molecule project?
Basically i have to make a model of a dna molecule but i don't know which materials to use. I need something thats easily obtainable and is easy to construct with.What should i use for my Dna molecule project?
Not sure how detailed your model has to be, but you could make one out of styrofoam balls and toothpicks/skewers.
Not sure how detailed your model has to be, but you could make one out of styrofoam balls and toothpicks/skewers.
What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
I know that the DNA is used as genetic information, but i do not know what the meaning of genetic formation? While what is the use of amino acids, is it only in making the protein? Mean while, the RNA is used for what? By the way, what protein is made of and is the amino acids, DNA, and RNA need to work together to do anythings?What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
i can help you by telling watz 'genetic information'
--The information encoded in the genetic material with which all living organisms are endowed. The carrier of this information is a complex structure of dna . It represents an organism's biological inheritance and controls that organism's development , reproduction and self-repair. Within an organism, genetic information flows from dna to protein and other products, first, by the transcription of portions of the dna into so-called messenger rna and, second, by the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptides, including proteins. Thus the growth of an organism is controlled. The absence of a mechanism that could reverse the direction of this flow from proteins to dna is the basis for the fact that the experiences an organism makes during its life time cannot be inherited by biological means . Changes in the intergenerational communication of genetic information result from mutations and are the target of natural selectionWhat the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Hmmm this is a question that will take allot of explanation..
I've found a shockwave file that will answer most, if not all your questions.
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biol鈥?/a>
Genetic information: "The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of dna or rna (certain viruses), such as in the chromosomes or in plasmids."
Other uses of amino acids:
"Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme"
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is used (translated) to make proteins. Proteins are most often made up of amino acids, and may contain other molecules that aid in its function.What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Simply:
DNA: contains all genetic information. Has all of what the cell needs to survive. Is used kinda as a reference library.
RNA: takes information from DNA (called transcription), codes them into amino acids (called translation), and polypeptides form as a result. The joining of a few polypeptides makes a protein. A protein does whatever it needs to for the cell.
Amino Acids: make proteins. RNA translates the codons into anticodons which call a specific amino acid.
Basically here is the above summarized:
DNA=%26gt;RNA=%26gt;Amino Acids=%26gt;Polypeptides=%26gt;Proteins
That's it!
DNA: A molecule that is made up of units called nucleotides. the differences in these units account for the individual differences between us. There are three types of RNA. One type, i.e. messenger RNA 'reads' the arrangement and type of nucleotides present on the DNA, and transfers this information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, based on this info, amino acids are permuted in a unique manner to make a unique kind of protein. This protein can now be used to make fibres (like hair), collagen, enzymes, hormones etc.
this was a very basic general idea of what really happens. hope this helps.
i can help you by telling watz 'genetic information'
--The information encoded in the genetic material with which all living organisms are endowed. The carrier of this information is a complex structure of dna . It represents an organism's biological inheritance and controls that organism's development , reproduction and self-repair. Within an organism, genetic information flows from dna to protein and other products, first, by the transcription of portions of the dna into so-called messenger rna and, second, by the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptides, including proteins. Thus the growth of an organism is controlled. The absence of a mechanism that could reverse the direction of this flow from proteins to dna is the basis for the fact that the experiences an organism makes during its life time cannot be inherited by biological means . Changes in the intergenerational communication of genetic information result from mutations and are the target of natural selectionWhat the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Hmmm this is a question that will take allot of explanation..
I've found a shockwave file that will answer most, if not all your questions.
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biol鈥?/a>
Genetic information: "The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of dna or rna (certain viruses), such as in the chromosomes or in plasmids."
Other uses of amino acids:
"Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme"
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is used (translated) to make proteins. Proteins are most often made up of amino acids, and may contain other molecules that aid in its function.What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Simply:
DNA: contains all genetic information. Has all of what the cell needs to survive. Is used kinda as a reference library.
RNA: takes information from DNA (called transcription), codes them into amino acids (called translation), and polypeptides form as a result. The joining of a few polypeptides makes a protein. A protein does whatever it needs to for the cell.
Amino Acids: make proteins. RNA translates the codons into anticodons which call a specific amino acid.
Basically here is the above summarized:
DNA=%26gt;RNA=%26gt;Amino Acids=%26gt;Polypeptides=%26gt;Proteins
That's it!
DNA: A molecule that is made up of units called nucleotides. the differences in these units account for the individual differences between us. There are three types of RNA. One type, i.e. messenger RNA 'reads' the arrangement and type of nucleotides present on the DNA, and transfers this information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, based on this info, amino acids are permuted in a unique manner to make a unique kind of protein. This protein can now be used to make fibres (like hair), collagen, enzymes, hormones etc.
this was a very basic general idea of what really happens. hope this helps.
What is the current law about dna testing?
is dna collected when you are arrested, or not until you are convicted? and if it is collected when you are arrested, is it destroyed when proved not guilty?What is the current law about dna testing?
DNA is taken once the person has been accused of the crime which means that if anyone elce who was accused but did not concent to a DNX test they will have to recieve a court order to have one. Preety much they can take DNA when ever they want or right out of your mouth with a spoon or anything your dna came in touch with . These days its hard to fight cause if you dont give in your dna then ur guilty and so on. Good question. Have a good day.
The DNA is not destroyed when you are found not guilty.What is the current law about dna testing?
every state is different
some test when you are arrested,
some only when youre convicted
some only when convicted of certain crimes
DNA is taken once the person has been accused of the crime which means that if anyone elce who was accused but did not concent to a DNX test they will have to recieve a court order to have one. Preety much they can take DNA when ever they want or right out of your mouth with a spoon or anything your dna came in touch with . These days its hard to fight cause if you dont give in your dna then ur guilty and so on. Good question. Have a good day.
The DNA is not destroyed when you are found not guilty.What is the current law about dna testing?
every state is different
some test when you are arrested,
some only when youre convicted
some only when convicted of certain crimes
What category is DNA Computer in Science Fair?
What category would DNA computer fall into? Is it even classified? And if u know any topics that have to do with DNA computers What are they?What category is DNA Computer in Science Fair?
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. R%26amp;D in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing.
DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once.
For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of computational complexity theory, the study of which computational problems are difficult to solve. For example, problems which grow exponentially with the size of the problem on von Neumann machines still grow exponentially with the size of the problem on DNA machines. For very large EXPSPACE problems, the amount of DNA required is too large to be practical.
DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, DNA nanotechnology. The latter uses the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing and other DNA properties to make novel structures out of DNA. These structures can be used for DNA computing, but they do not have to be. Additionally, DNA computing can be done without using the types of molecules made possible by DNA nanotechnology.genghis grill mr tire
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. R%26amp;D in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing.
DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once.
For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of computational complexity theory, the study of which computational problems are difficult to solve. For example, problems which grow exponentially with the size of the problem on von Neumann machines still grow exponentially with the size of the problem on DNA machines. For very large EXPSPACE problems, the amount of DNA required is too large to be practical.
DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, DNA nanotechnology. The latter uses the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing and other DNA properties to make novel structures out of DNA. These structures can be used for DNA computing, but they do not have to be. Additionally, DNA computing can be done without using the types of molecules made possible by DNA nanotechnology.
What should i use for my Dna molecule project?
Basically i have to make a model of a dna molecule but i don't know which materials to use. I need something thats easily obtainable and is easy to construct with.What should i use for my Dna molecule project?
Not sure how detailed your model has to be, but you could make one out of styrofoam balls and toothpicks/skewers.
Not sure how detailed your model has to be, but you could make one out of styrofoam balls and toothpicks/skewers.
What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
I know that the DNA is used as genetic information, but i do not know what the meaning of genetic formation? While what is the use of amino acids, is it only in making the protein? Mean while, the RNA is used for what? By the way, what protein is made of and is the amino acids, DNA, and RNA need to work together to do anythings?What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
i can help you by telling watz 'genetic information'
--The information encoded in the genetic material with which all living organisms are endowed. The carrier of this information is a complex structure of dna . It represents an organism's biological inheritance and controls that organism's development , reproduction and self-repair. Within an organism, genetic information flows from dna to protein and other products, first, by the transcription of portions of the dna into so-called messenger rna and, second, by the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptides, including proteins. Thus the growth of an organism is controlled. The absence of a mechanism that could reverse the direction of this flow from proteins to dna is the basis for the fact that the experiences an organism makes during its life time cannot be inherited by biological means . Changes in the intergenerational communication of genetic information result from mutations and are the target of natural selectionWhat the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Hmmm this is a question that will take allot of explanation..
I've found a shockwave file that will answer most, if not all your questions.
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biol鈥?/a>
Genetic information: "The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of dna or rna (certain viruses), such as in the chromosomes or in plasmids."
Other uses of amino acids:
"Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme"
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is used (translated) to make proteins. Proteins are most often made up of amino acids, and may contain other molecules that aid in its function.What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Simply:
DNA: contains all genetic information. Has all of what the cell needs to survive. Is used kinda as a reference library.
RNA: takes information from DNA (called transcription), codes them into amino acids (called translation), and polypeptides form as a result. The joining of a few polypeptides makes a protein. A protein does whatever it needs to for the cell.
Amino Acids: make proteins. RNA translates the codons into anticodons which call a specific amino acid.
Basically here is the above summarized:
DNA=%26gt;RNA=%26gt;Amino Acids=%26gt;Polypeptides=%26gt;Proteins
That's it!
DNA: A molecule that is made up of units called nucleotides. the differences in these units account for the individual differences between us. There are three types of RNA. One type, i.e. messenger RNA 'reads' the arrangement and type of nucleotides present on the DNA, and transfers this information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, based on this info, amino acids are permuted in a unique manner to make a unique kind of protein. This protein can now be used to make fibres (like hair), collagen, enzymes, hormones etc.
this was a very basic general idea of what really happens. hope this helps.
i can help you by telling watz 'genetic information'
--The information encoded in the genetic material with which all living organisms are endowed. The carrier of this information is a complex structure of dna . It represents an organism's biological inheritance and controls that organism's development , reproduction and self-repair. Within an organism, genetic information flows from dna to protein and other products, first, by the transcription of portions of the dna into so-called messenger rna and, second, by the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptides, including proteins. Thus the growth of an organism is controlled. The absence of a mechanism that could reverse the direction of this flow from proteins to dna is the basis for the fact that the experiences an organism makes during its life time cannot be inherited by biological means . Changes in the intergenerational communication of genetic information result from mutations and are the target of natural selectionWhat the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Hmmm this is a question that will take allot of explanation..
I've found a shockwave file that will answer most, if not all your questions.
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biol鈥?/a>
Genetic information: "The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of dna or rna (certain viruses), such as in the chromosomes or in plasmids."
Other uses of amino acids:
"Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme"
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is used (translated) to make proteins. Proteins are most often made up of amino acids, and may contain other molecules that aid in its function.What the different between the function of amino acids, DNA and RNA?
Simply:
DNA: contains all genetic information. Has all of what the cell needs to survive. Is used kinda as a reference library.
RNA: takes information from DNA (called transcription), codes them into amino acids (called translation), and polypeptides form as a result. The joining of a few polypeptides makes a protein. A protein does whatever it needs to for the cell.
Amino Acids: make proteins. RNA translates the codons into anticodons which call a specific amino acid.
Basically here is the above summarized:
DNA=%26gt;RNA=%26gt;Amino Acids=%26gt;Polypeptides=%26gt;Proteins
That's it!
DNA: A molecule that is made up of units called nucleotides. the differences in these units account for the individual differences between us. There are three types of RNA. One type, i.e. messenger RNA 'reads' the arrangement and type of nucleotides present on the DNA, and transfers this information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, based on this info, amino acids are permuted in a unique manner to make a unique kind of protein. This protein can now be used to make fibres (like hair), collagen, enzymes, hormones etc.
this was a very basic general idea of what really happens. hope this helps.
What is the current law about dna testing?
is dna collected when you are arrested, or not until you are convicted? and if it is collected when you are arrested, is it destroyed when proved not guilty?What is the current law about dna testing?
DNA is taken once the person has been accused of the crime which means that if anyone elce who was accused but did not concent to a DNX test they will have to recieve a court order to have one. Preety much they can take DNA when ever they want or right out of your mouth with a spoon or anything your dna came in touch with . These days its hard to fight cause if you dont give in your dna then ur guilty and so on. Good question. Have a good day.
The DNA is not destroyed when you are found not guilty.What is the current law about dna testing?
every state is different
some test when you are arrested,
some only when youre convicted
some only when convicted of certain crimes
DNA is taken once the person has been accused of the crime which means that if anyone elce who was accused but did not concent to a DNX test they will have to recieve a court order to have one. Preety much they can take DNA when ever they want or right out of your mouth with a spoon or anything your dna came in touch with . These days its hard to fight cause if you dont give in your dna then ur guilty and so on. Good question. Have a good day.
The DNA is not destroyed when you are found not guilty.What is the current law about dna testing?
every state is different
some test when you are arrested,
some only when youre convicted
some only when convicted of certain crimes
What constitutes the leading strand in DNA replication?
My actual question is this: If you block DNA Ligase in E. Coli, then will synthesis of the leading strand still be completed? My contention is that no, it is not, because the RNA primer that was layed down to start that synthesis will not be ligated to the rest of the strand, so there will be a short fragment there in the leading strand. What do you think?What constitutes the leading strand in DNA replication?
DNA ligase is only active on the LAGGING strand, in order to connect the Okazuki fragments. The leading strand, going from 5' to 3', is produced in one long strand (mRNA, section by section when the appropriate replication forks are open.
If you block DNA ligase, you only affect the Lagging strand, so your contention is false. However, you will disrupt translation, because the the 3' to 5' strand will not be completed. Since DNA is conserved (1 strand of old, 1 strand of new, for EACH organism), you will still be able to make 1 set (just not both).What constitutes the leading strand in DNA replication?
But you make no mention of my specific issue. There will be ONE gap one the leading strand, where the initial primer meets the rest of the leading strand. The question concerns whether that one gap constitutes an incomplete strand, which you have not addressed.
DNA ligase is only active on the LAGGING strand, in order to connect the Okazuki fragments. The leading strand, going from 5' to 3', is produced in one long strand (mRNA, section by section when the appropriate replication forks are open.
If you block DNA ligase, you only affect the Lagging strand, so your contention is false. However, you will disrupt translation, because the the 3' to 5' strand will not be completed. Since DNA is conserved (1 strand of old, 1 strand of new, for EACH organism), you will still be able to make 1 set (just not both).What constitutes the leading strand in DNA replication?
But you make no mention of my specific issue. There will be ONE gap one the leading strand, where the initial primer meets the rest of the leading strand. The question concerns whether that one gap constitutes an incomplete strand, which you have not addressed.
Report Abuse
What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?
wats the diff? i always hear chromosmes and DNA and chromatin used in the same context, but i tot they were different, where chromsomes are wound up chromatin, which is wound up DNA. and chromatids are identical pairs of chromosomes. am i right?
also, waht phase does each on appear?What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?
Obviously, since they are different scientific terms, they actually mean somewhat different things. But they are all related.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, a specific chemical compound.
Chromatin is DNA wound around specific proteins, known as histones.
A chromosome is a gigantic piece of chromatin that contains specific genes as well as a number of other structural elements, like a kinetochore and telomeres, and which is inherited as a distinct structural entity.
Chromatids refer to the two identical copies of a chromosome that are made during cell division, as I recall.
So I guess you are mostly right.
DNA and chromatin are effectively invisible. Again, as I recall, chromosomes/chromatids become visible at metaphase and disappear again at telophase. But you should check this in your textbook.What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?
MY bad brain is right only wrong in one point, chromosome refers to the two identical copies of chomatides, and not the other way around (a chromosome is made up of 2 chromatids)
I believe that chromatin is DNA wrapped around histone proteins. and chromosomes are condensed chromatin.chuckecheese vegetarian diet
also, waht phase does each on appear?What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?
Obviously, since they are different scientific terms, they actually mean somewhat different things. But they are all related.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, a specific chemical compound.
Chromatin is DNA wound around specific proteins, known as histones.
A chromosome is a gigantic piece of chromatin that contains specific genes as well as a number of other structural elements, like a kinetochore and telomeres, and which is inherited as a distinct structural entity.
Chromatids refer to the two identical copies of a chromosome that are made during cell division, as I recall.
So I guess you are mostly right.
DNA and chromatin are effectively invisible. Again, as I recall, chromosomes/chromatids become visible at metaphase and disappear again at telophase. But you should check this in your textbook.What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?
MY bad brain is right only wrong in one point, chromosome refers to the two identical copies of chomatides, and not the other way around (a chromosome is made up of 2 chromatids)
Report Abuse
What is the difference between chromosmes, chromatin, chromatid and DNA?I believe that chromatin is DNA wrapped around histone proteins. and chromosomes are condensed chromatin.
When given two types of sequences (DNA or Protein) what is preferred for making a phylogenetic tree?
Is it based on the DNA sequence or on the protein sequence or to combine them? I need a lengthy answer.When given two types of sequences (DNA or Protein) what is preferred for making a phylogenetic tree?
I'd answered this question earlier. its DNA-DNA Hybridization.
DNA-DNA hybridization generally refers to a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. It is usually used to determine the genetic distance between two species. When several species are compared that way, the similarity values allow the species to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics.
Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA-DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates.[1][2] Critics argue that the technique is inaccurate for comparison of closely related species, as any attempt to measure differences between orthologous sequences between organisms is overwhelmed by the hybridization of paralogous sequences within an organism's genome.[3] DNA sequencing and computational comparisons of sequences is now generally the method for determining genetic distance, although the technique is still used in microbiology to help identify bacteria.[4]
[edit] Method
The method, as developed by Sibley and Ahlquist, compares the labeled sample after it is hybridized to itself vs. its melting after hybridized to unlabeled DNA of another organism.[5] DNA from the two species to be compared is extracted, purified and cut into short pieces (e.g., 600-800 base pairs). The DNA of one organism is labeled, then mixed with the unlabeled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and reanneal, forming hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them: i.e. they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as "DNA melting".
To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column is washed; sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off the column. The temperatures at which labeled DNA comes off the column reflects the amount of similarity between sequences (and the self-hybridization sample serves as a control). These results are combined to determine the degree of genetic similarity between organisms.
I'd answered this question earlier. its DNA-DNA Hybridization.
DNA-DNA hybridization generally refers to a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. It is usually used to determine the genetic distance between two species. When several species are compared that way, the similarity values allow the species to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics.
Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA-DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates.[1][2] Critics argue that the technique is inaccurate for comparison of closely related species, as any attempt to measure differences between orthologous sequences between organisms is overwhelmed by the hybridization of paralogous sequences within an organism's genome.[3] DNA sequencing and computational comparisons of sequences is now generally the method for determining genetic distance, although the technique is still used in microbiology to help identify bacteria.[4]
[edit] Method
The method, as developed by Sibley and Ahlquist, compares the labeled sample after it is hybridized to itself vs. its melting after hybridized to unlabeled DNA of another organism.[5] DNA from the two species to be compared is extracted, purified and cut into short pieces (e.g., 600-800 base pairs). The DNA of one organism is labeled, then mixed with the unlabeled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and reanneal, forming hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them: i.e. they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as "DNA melting".
To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column is washed; sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off the column. The temperatures at which labeled DNA comes off the column reflects the amount of similarity between sequences (and the self-hybridization sample serves as a control). These results are combined to determine the degree of genetic similarity between organisms.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)