Can someone please explain DNA identification to me in easy to understand terms?

I have a quiz tomorrow on DNA identification and the Human Genome Project.

I mainly need help with what cloning vectors are and how they are used, what the human genome project is what bioinformatics are and what proteomics are. Can someone please help?Can someone please explain DNA identification to me in easy to understand terms?
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted. Genetically engineered plasmids and bacteriophages (such as phage 位) are perhaps most commonly Other types of cloning vectors include bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs).
In the case of expression vectors, the main purpose of these vehicles is the controlled expression of a particular gene inside a convenient host organism (e.g. E. coli). Control of expression can be very important; it is usually desirable to insert the target DNA into a site that is under the control of a particular promoter. Some commonly used promoters are T7 promoters, lac promoters (bla promoter) and cauliflower mosaic virus's 35s promoter (for plant vectors).
To allow for convenient and favorable insertions, most cloning vectors have had nearly all their restriction sites engineered out of them and a synthetic multiple cloning site (MCS) inserted that contains many restriction sites. MCSs allow for insertions of DNA into the vector to be targeted and possibly directed in a chosen orientation. A selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance [e.g. beta-lactamase is often carried by the vector to allow the selection of positively transformed cells (see Screening below). All plasmids must carry a functional origin of replication (ORI; .

Some other possible features present in cloning vectors are: vir genes for plant transformation, integrase sites for chromosomal insertion, lacZ伪 fragment for 伪 complementation and blue-white selection, and/or reporter genes in frame with and flanking the MCS to facilitate the production of recombinant proteins [e.g. fused to the Green fluorescent protein (GFP) or to the glutathione S-transferase.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000鈥?5,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.

Bioinformatics is the application of statistics and computer science to the field of molecular biology.

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.