What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?

What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?



A. DNA is transcribed into RNA.

B. DNA is translated into RNA.

C. DNA is complementary to RNA.

D. RNA is replicated from DNA.

E. RNA is transferred from DNA.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
A.



Dogma: DNA----%26gt; RNA-----%26gt;PROTEIN

Dna replication---%26gt; Transciption-----%26gt; Translation

Transcription: genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA

Translation:synthesis of polypeptide chain from a segment of mRNAWhat is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
The main difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in a RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the same as ribose, except that the former has one more OH.



DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a tightly-associated pair of molecules. These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. This arrangement of DNA strands is called antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are referred to as the 5鈥?(five prime) and 3鈥?(three prime) ends. One of the major differences between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with 2-deoxyribose being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring.







Transcription (genetics)



Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement.



Transcription can be explained easily in 4 or 5 steps, each moving like a wave along the DNA.



RNA Polymerase moves the transcription bubble, a stretch of unpaired nucleotides, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.

RNA Polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides that are paired with complementary DNA bases.

RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase.

Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.

If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA is further processed (addition of a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap) and exits through to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.

Transcription is the first step leading to gene expression. The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, the result of transcription is messenger RNA (mRNA), which will then be used to create that protein via the process of translation. Alternatively, the transcribed gene may encode for either ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA), other components of the protein-assembly process, or other ribozymes.



A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein contains not only the sequence that will eventually be directly translated into the protein (the coding sequence) but also regulatory sequences that direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before (upstream from) the coding sequence is called the five prime untranslated region (5'UTR), and the sequence following (downstream from) the coding sequence is called the three prime untranslated region (3'UTR).[citation needed]



Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.



As in DNA replication, DNA is read from 3' 鈫?5' during transcription. Meanwhile, the complementary RNA is created from the 5' 鈫?3' direction. This means its 5' end is created first in base pairing. Although DNA is arranged as two antiparallel strands in a double helix, only one of the two DNA strands, called the template strand, is used for transcription. This is because RNA is only single-stranded, as opposed to double-stranded DNA. The other DNA strand is called the coding (lagging) strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). The use of only the 3' 鈫?5' strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments seen in DNA replication.What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
It's complicated.